Final Paper on Managerial Accounting

On this small plot of land in the middle of a bustling city called Bacolod, in the Negros Occidental province of the Philippines, lies home to the family of Jose and Teodula Tamera. Located on 79 Lacson Street, this place was especially home to one of their sons, Robin Tamera.After years of decadence in this little spot called home, Robin found himself working in Ontario, Canada. It was there that the inspiration to keep the property's memories alive was sparked. He had a desire to keep this lot not only as a memorial keepsake for himself, siblings, and relatives, but first and foremost as a reminder of his parents' love and care.Robin Tamera's concept was to open a very humble place for all to stay in Bacolod City, whether they were local or foreign visitors. He wanted a hotel that incorporated and adapted all of the finest amenities that other places in the world could offer.In 2006, after years of investment and construction, Robin's desire became a reality after converting their property to a bed and breakfast place. â€Å"The Tamera Plaza Inn† became not only a place to stay, but a memorial and tribute to the Tamera Family. The Inn offers overnight lodging and meals. It includes 1 Superior room, 8 De Luxe rooms , 6 standard double rooms, 5 standard single rooms, a function room, all air-conditioned with cable TV services. The Tamera Plaza Inn has 30 full time employees to date.Meanwhile, the inn faces very serious seasonal customer fluctuations. The average number of tourists in Bacolod is 70,000 per year, majority of which are during Summer and in October during the MassKara festival. The inn has about 2 % of these tourist choose them for accomodations. Although the place has no rental costs and the expenses in the contsruction of the inn has already been acquired, the inn has an opportunity to increase its profitiability.Below is the the cost allocation per year:For the purpose of this paper, Activity-Based Costing will be used to analyze the inn' s profitability and to present a recommendation. In Table 1, Activities Analysis and Assignment of Activities to Products (lodging and dining) by activity drivers. Labor, material and utility costs traced to activities are shown in columns (1)-(3) of table 2. Columns (4)-(11) present detail about how activities are allotted to each product by drivers. For example, the driver of the cleaning activity is the true cleaning time which is total 3061.6 hours. Using the driver to trace the cleaning activity to the two products separately, and assigning 2651.4 hours and 410.2 hours respectively, of cleaning time, the driver can allocate PHP 46,611 to lodging and PHP 7,212 to dining.Finally, adding all the allocation activities costs in each product we can get the total activity costs. The total product cost is the combination of the total activities costs, direct material costs, and outsource costs (laundry and transportation) in each product. Unit product cost is defined as the total produ ct cost divided by the total number of customers. The unit product costs of lodging and dining are PHP 340.67 and 71.31 per customer respectively for a year. The lodging and dining products of The Tamera Plaza Inn represent two market segments.After applying ABC to the The Tamera Plaza Inn case, the unit costs of each of the Inn's products in two market segments are clear. The cost information acquired from ABC in this case will be useful to the owners for marketing strategy, decision making and cost-volume-profit analysis.Table 1.In the second stage, all activities costs in the five activities centers are assigned to the three country inn’s products. Table 2 shows activities analysis and the assignment of activities to products by activity drivers. Labor, material and utility costs traced to activities are shown in the second to fourth column of table1 while fifth to tenth columns present detail about how activities are allotted to each product by drivers. For example, the d river of the cleaning activity is the cleaning time which is total 6810.6 hours. Using the driver to trace the cleaning activity to the three products separately, and assigning 2651.4 hours, 3749 hours and 410.2 hours respectively, of cleaning time, the driver can allocate NT$ 46,611 to lodging, NT$65,904 to hot spring use, and NT$7,212 to dining.Finally, adding all the allocation activities costs in each product we can get the total activity costs. The total product cost is the combination of the total activities costs, direct material costs, and outsource costs (laundry, hot spring water) in each product. Unit product cost is defined as the total product cost divided by the total number of customers. The unit product costs of lodging, hot spring use and dining are NT$ 306.21, NT$31.64 and NT$ 67.28 per customer respectively in the busy winter seasons. The lodging, hot spring use and dining products of this country inn represent three market segments. After applying ABC to the coun try inn case, the unit costs of each of the country inn’s products in three market segments are clear. The cost information acquired from ABC in this case is extremely useful to the inn’s owners (managers) for marketing, decision making and cost-volume-profit analysis.Table 1 Monthly Costs of ResourcesResource life time Replacement value Capital costs Cost per monthRent-a-land 30 ï ¼  ï ¼  700,000 Owner’s lands 30 150,000,000 13,324,092 1,110,341 Buildings 30 16,050,000 1,425,672 118,806Personnel Number Total Costs Cost per monthFull time staffs 23 9,060,000 755,000 Part-time staffs 13 2,448,000 204,000 Managers 2 1,320,000 110,000is the general manager. Meanwhile, the inn faces very serious seasonal customer fluctuations. The average volume of customers for hot spring use  can come to a maximum of 58,048 persons monthly in the winter season and a reaches minimum of 18,311 persons in the summer season. In addition, this hot spring country inn bears a heavy space and land costs due to the high cost of buildings and land in Taipei. The monthly costs of rent, lands, buildings and labor are showed in table 1.This inn doesn’t use any activity-based costing method in its accounting system except for the traditional one. Since activity-based costing can be very complex and time consuming, and even less in tourism industry, it is not widely applied in the manufacturing industries in Taiwan (Chen, 2001, p. 52). It is recognized that partial activity-based costing can be used to enhance rather than totally replace the accounting system when the company finds it too difficult to implement full-scale ABC-based accounting.Some companies also complain that the cost of ABC’s administrative and technical complexity, and of continuously generating activity data, exceeds any benefits subsequently derived from it, so that they reject proposals to implement ABC to their companies. Nevertheless, many firms still find they have success in co st reduction, product pricing, customer profitability analysis and output decisions when they adopt ABC (Chenhall and Langfield-Smith, 1998; Clarke et al., 1999; Innes and Sinclair, 2000; Cotton et al., 2003).Our traditional accounting cost information was gathered from 1 November, 2003 to 30 December, 2003. The figures for customers’ volume were acquired from the mean of the number of customers in these two months. In order to obtain a more accurate picture of Table 2Activities Analysis and Assigning Activity to Product Using Activity Drivers Resource Labor Materiall Total Quantities of Drivers Total Unit cost per Product cost Activity& Utility Cost Lodging Spring Dining quantity activity driver Lodging Hot-Spring Dining Cleaning 99,572 20,155 119,727 2,651.4 3,749 410.2 6810.6 17.58/hr 46,611 65,904 7,212(10.57%) (3.67%) (0.32%) Changing 1,455 607 2,062 960 0 0 960 2.15/hr 2,062 0 0 sheets(0.47%) (0%) (0%) Washing 32,225 22,196 54,421 830 1,832 188.6 2,851 19.09/hr 15,849 3 4,972 3,600(3.59%) (1.95%) (0.16%) Clear up 91,475 21,623 113,098 0 0 10,710 10,710 10.56/number 0 0 113,098(0%) (0%) (5.06%) Check on 5,454 2,276 7,730 450 0 0 450 17.17/number 7,730 0 0(1.75%) (0%) (0%) Ordering 54,451 1,994 56,445 0 0 11,203 11,203 5.04/number 0 0 56,445(0%) (0%) (2.52%) Carrying 75,220 2,754 77,974 0 0 103,754 103,754 0.75/number 0 0 77,974(0%) (0%) (3.49%) Re-supply 4,320 2,437 6,757 20 436 4 460 14.69/hr 294 6,404 59(0.07%) (0.35%) (0.00%) Cooking 297,968 58,945 356,913 0 0 2,010 2,010 177.57/hr 0 0 356,913(0%) (0%) (15.96%) Purchasing 73,886 605 74,491 18.5 24 198 240.5 309.73/hr 5,730 7,434 61,327(1.30%) (0.41%) (2.74%) Check in 263,806 90,647 354,453 232.47 1,891.67 692.5 2,816.64 125.84/hr 29,255 238,051 87,147 /out(6.64%) (13.26%) (3.90%) Admini- 36,608 1,049 37,657 210 779.2 102 1,091.2 34.51/space 7,247 26,890 3,520 strative(1.64%) (1.50%) (0.16%) Marketing 6,160 176 6,336 1,440 56,750 33,240 91,430 0.07/person 100 3,933 2,303(0.02%) (0.22%) (0.10%) Acc ounting 26,400 756 27,156 1,440 56,750 33,240 91,430 0.297/person 428 16,855 9,873(0.10%) (0.94%) (0.44%) Renting700,000 251.96 1,385.80 461.94 2,099.7 333.38/space 83,999 461,999 154,002(19.05%) (25.73%) (6.89%) Depreciation1,229,147 251.96 1,385.80 461.94 2,099.7 585.39/space 147,495 811,236 270,416(33.45%) (45.18%) (12.09%) Total 1,069,000 226,220 3,224,367*Total activity cost 346,800 1,673,678 1,203,889(78.65%) (93.21%) (53.83%)* All activities in column (3) added Direct material cost 61,137 116,843 1,032,498(13.87%) (6.51%) (46.17%)Outsource laundry 33,000(7.48%)Hot-spring water5,049(0.28%)Total product cost 440,937 1,795,570 2,236,387Total customers 1,440 56,750 33,240Unit product cost 306.21 31.64 67.28Allocated resource costs, working sampling (Tsai, 1996) is used to estimate the percentage of time spent on each of various activities for each staff member and manager. In this way an adjusted percentage of personnel time spent on each activity can be obtained. In the first st age, resources in this country inn are assigned to all activities in five activities centers by resource drivers.In the second stage, all activities costs in the five activities centers are assigned to the three country inn’s products. Table 2 shows activities analysis and the assignment of activities to products by activity drivers. Labor, material and utility costs traced to activities are shown in columns (1)-(3) of table 2. Columns (4)-(11) present detail about how activities are allotted to each product by drivers. For example, the driver of the cleaning activity is the true cleaning time which is total 6810.6 hours. Using the driver to trace the cleaning activity to the three products separately, and assigning 2651.4 hours, 3749 hours and 410.2 hours respectively, of cleaning time, the driver can allocate NT$ 46,611 to lodging, NT$65,904 to hot spring use, and NT$7,212 to dining.Finally, adding all the allocation activities costs in each product we can get the total act ivity costs. The total product cost is the combination of the total activities costs, direct material costs, and outsource costs (laundry, hot spring water) in each product. Unit product cost is defined as the total product cost divided by the total number of customers. The unit product costs of lodging, hot spring use and dining are NT$ 306.21, NT$31.64 and NT$ 67.28 per customer respectively in the busy winter seasons.The lodging, hot spring use and dining products of this country inn represent three market segments. After applying ABC to the country inn case, the unit costs of each of the country inn’s products in three market segments are clear. The cost information acquired from ABC in this case is extremely useful to the inn’s owners (managers) for marketing, decision making and cost-volume-profit analysis.TAMERA PLAZA INN Date Established: March 2006 #79 Lacson St., Bacolod City Tel No. 432-1708; Fax: 709-0886 Manager: Dina Serfino E-mail: [email  protected] C lassification: Economy Class No. of Rooms: 20 Rates: Superior 1 1,500.00 Deluxe 8 1,300.00 Standard Double 1,100.00 Standard Single 900.00 Extra Matress 250.00 Extra Person 100.00 Last Updated: September 11, 2013 Rates are subject to change without prior notice

Annotated Bibliography on Teen Pregnancy

Annotated Bibliography on Teen Pregnancy B. T HCS/465 October 23, 2011 Annotated Bibliography on Teen Pregnancy Clinical Digest. (2009). Aggression is a predictor of rapid repeat teen pregnancy: pubertal onset age and conflict management key considerations in prevention strategies. Nursing Standard, 23(24), [16]. Retrieved from http://www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid= 530&accno=2010217733 This article provides data from actual interviews with teens that have has rapid repeat pregnancies within 24 months of the last pregnancy experienced and those individuals who did not. The study shows significant differences in aggression behaviors and how recognizing these behaviors early on could help prevent teen rapid repeat pregnancies in the future. This is a peer-reviewed article and was researched by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Kelly, L. , Sheeder, J. , & Stevens-Simon, C. (2004). Teen Home Pregnancy Test Takers: more Worried or more wishful? Pediatrics, 113(3 Part 1), 581-584. Retrieved from http:// www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=783&accno=2005077833 This article provides insight from a study of teens that used home pregnancy Tests. Were these individuals more concerned with contraception mishaps? or the affects that child rearing would have on their futures? The study included 340 individuals who were racially and ethnically diverse who were sought out because of visiting three different teen clinics for various reasons. The reasons included pregnancy testing, sexually transmitted disease testing, obtaining contraceptives and general health visits. This is a peer-reviewed article and was researched by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. McKay, A. , & Barrett, M. 2010). Trends in teen pregnancy rates from 1996-2006: a comparison of Canada, Sweden, U. S. A. , and England/Wales. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 19(1-2), 43-52. Retrieved from http://www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=1558&accno= 2010691048 This article provides statistical data concerning teen pregnancy and abortion rates covering a ten year time period. Research concerning teen pregnancy and abortion is important t o understanding socioeconomic factors and trends in teen sexual and reproductive health. Trends have decreased in teen pregnancy meaning ither a stronger support system for teens to encourage control over sexual activity is available or there is an increase in contraceptive usage. This is a peer- reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Medoff, M. (2010). The Impact of State Abortion Policies on Teen Pregnancy Rates. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 177-189. Retrieved from http://dx. doi. org. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/10. 1007/s11205-009-9495-9 This article provides research from state-level data for the years of 1982, 1992, nd 2000 concerning teen pregnancy rates, abortion rates, and new laws and policies affecting the pricing of abortions and how these new laws and policies are deterring unwanted pregnancies. This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Monahan, D. J. (2002). Teen pregnancy prevention outcomes: Implications for social work practice. Families in Society, 83(4), 431-431-439. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/230165951? accountid=35812 This article provides detailed information concerning study group demographics, nowledge and dating behaviors, and adolescent attitudes and how these details affect teen pregnancy and intervention programs. Are prevention programs helping decrease the amount of teen pregnancy seen each year? What are these programs offering teens to help them make more beneficial life choices? This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Sen, B. (2003). Can Beer Taxes Affect Teen Pregnancy? Evidence Based on Teen Abortion Rates and Birth Rates. Southern Economic Journal, 70(2), 328-343. Retrieved from http://www. utc. du/Outreach/SouthernEconomicAssociation/southern-economic- journal. html Data from the years of 1985, 1988, 1992, and 1996 we re used in this interesting article on beer taxes and teen pregnancy and how they are related. The article provided statistical data showing that higher tax rates on beer have shown to negatively affect teen pregnancy and abortion rates. This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Witte, K. (1997). Preventing teen pregnancy through persuasive communications: Realities, Myths and the hard-fact truths. Journal of Community Health, 22(2), 137-137-54. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/224047307? accountid=35812 This article provides interesting data concerning the use of pregnancy prevention campaigns and what they communicate to teens and adolescents. Campaigns according to the study should provide more negative and hard-fact truths to communicate teen pregnancy, sexual activity, and abortion in order to help combat future teen pregnancy and abortion rates. This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process.

Property Law in the UK

According to Clout (2002), more and more unmarried couples are living together nowadays.   Clout (2002) added that although their relationship comparable in a lot of aspects to marriage, unmarried couples must be conscious that the law deals with them differently from married couples.   In addition, Dyer (2002) states that according to the Law Commission, unmarried couples essentially have no legal right to a share of their partner’s property and must be decisive to safeguard themselves.On domestic property, in England the courts have declined to acknowledge that domestic property must be handled in a different way from any other kind of property.   In general, Parliament has refused to understand and follow this politically sensitive issue (www.warwick.ac.uk).There is also myth about the common law wife and cohabitants.   As maintained by www. divorce.co.uk , there is a widespread belief that a thing like a common law husband or wife exists. Contrary to this belief, e ver since the Marriage Act of 1763, there has been no such thing as a common law husband or wife in Wales and England.This means that whether somebody lives with his/her â€Å"partner†, or â€Å"cohabitee,† the law still considers that there is no special relationship existing and that their relationship is not equivalent to the relationship of a husband or wife. Moreover, Dyer (2006) said that surveys reveal that majority of unmarried couples are not aware of their lack of rights.The Rights of Cohabitees if the Relationship Breaks DownNot like married couples, Law on the Web adds that unmarried couples or â€Å"cohabitees† have no fundamental rights to their partner’s property or to maintenance if the relationship ends.   Essentially, what is hers is hers, what is his is his, and what is jointly owned has to be apportioned.If the relationship between an unmarried couple ends, then their property rights are unaffected. The distinction between â€Å"his , hers and theirs† (or, indeed, between â€Å"his, his and theirs† or â€Å"hers, hers, and theirs†) is very real in this situation and each person is entitled to claim his/her own property.According to www.terry.co.uk, the situation of cohabitees is different. The property rights of unmarried couples continue to be precisely the same even after break up. This means that any property is still owned by its owner and that is typically the individual who paid for that property. Logically, there is certain room for argument over this but that is the prevailing standard and the courts have no power to disregard it.If  the parties are putting in inequitably or disproportionately to the maintenance or purchase price of the property, then this must be manifested by being specified as tenants-in-common and possessing unequal shareholdings (for instance, 60% and 40%), instead of the identical shareholdings of beneficial joint tenants (Law on the Web).Meanwhile, if the ot her party also contributed to the purchase price of the property, the courts are probable to acknowledge or recognize that in any case part of the property must have been in their name; and if there has been an agreement between the parties and the non-owner of the property has taken actions to their disadvantage accordingly (for example, paid household bills, contributed to mortgage repayments, or, maybe, sold their personal property) then the courts might possibly concur that they must share in the property.According to www.divorce.co.uk, if the unmarried couple splits up, the woman might be able to prove that she is unconstrained to a share in the house if she might be able to prove the following:(a) That she contributed to the price of buying the house. Even though if for instance she merely gave a 10% deposit that could signify she would simply be expected to get 10% of the net equity.(b) That she can prove or establish that the man promised her that the house would be theirs j ointly if she makes some contribution to the price of the house. It is more effective if she can disclose that the man put his promise in writing, even though it does not have to be a formal paper; actually, love letters can be sufficient. Moreover, the contribution should be practically important, for instance paying for the groceries and the dining set would probably not be adequate.(c) That in case there is no written document as an evidence, the woman might still be able to assert a share of the house if she will prove that she depended on the man’s promise to her and as a consequence she made a considerable contribution to what she assumed was going to be her home as well.The Case of Jane and AhmedIn the case of Jane and Ahmed, Jane can claim beneficial rights in the house due to the following: §   When Jane asked Ahmed that the house be transferred into their joint names, Ahmed assured Jane that in the near future when they get married, the house will be Janeâ€℠¢s too. § Because she depended on Ahmed’s promise, she undertook extensive gardening in the grounds of the house, redesigned the house to make it more homely, paid for some central heating to be installed, and helped build and pay for the extension of the house.Meanwhile, her share to the house will be calculated in terms of the contributions that she had made in the house.   In her case, she can claim the 25,000, which she spent for the extension of the house and the price that she paid for the other renovations made in the house.The Case of Rachel and TomWith regards to the situation of Rachel and Tom, Rachel could certainly claim beneficial rights to the house due to the following reasons:Even if the house is in the sole name of Tom, Rachel has a contribution to the purchase price of the house because her parents gave 10,000, which was used to help pay for the house.   As Montgomery (2005) asserts, the easiest way that the woman can prove that she is entitled to a sh are in the house is if she can prove that she contributed in the purchase price.Moreover, Rachel paid the installments of the mortgage loan of the house for a period of 12 months when Tom was out of work.   In the course of their relationship, Rachel has also supervised some renovation work on the house, subsidized the housekeeping and allowed Tom to pay less.Rachel’s share to the house will be calculated taking into account the amount given by her parents in paying for the house, the total amount of the installments she had paid for the mortgage loan, and the amount of the renovation and housekeeping she had paid out of her own money.A similar case to that of Jane and Rachel is the case of Elayne Oxley who was awarded a 100,000 share of her previous partner’s home although they were not unmarried and she made no financial contribution to the mortgage (Divorce-Online Ltd, 2004).   The court verdict said that Ms. Oxley is entitled to a 40% share of the property beca use even though she had not paid the mortgage she had contributed towards food and utility bills.Works CitedCompactlaw. (2006).   Unmarried Couples.   Retrieved from http://www.compactlaw.co.ukClout, Imogen.   (2002).   The â€Å"Which?† Guide to Living Together.   Which? Books.Divorce-Online Ltd. (2004).   Unmarried woman wins share of former partner’s home.Divorce Website.   The myth of the common law wife and cohabitants.   Retrieved from http://www.divorce.co.ukDyer, Clare.   (2002).   Property rights warning for unmarried couples.   The Guardian.Dyer, Clare.   (2006).   Unmarried couples to get new rights.   The Guardian.Law on the Web.   Unmarried Couples-Property Rights.   Retrieved from http://www.lawontheweb.co.ukMontgomery, Emma-Lou.   (2005).   The common-law wife – is there such a thing? MSN Money.Terry Website.   Cohabitees and their rights if the relationship breaks down.   Retrieved from http://www.terry.co. ukWarwick Website. (1999).   Domestic Property.   Retrieved from http://www.law.warwick.ac.uk

Psychological experience of leisure (in first person) Essay

Psychological experience of leisure (in first person) - Essay Example However, leisure and the role of leisure in our day lives in terms of the psychological motivations and the elements which combine together to create a sense of leisure are only a recent development in the fields of psychology and sociology. There are instances where one person may find extreme relaxation while another may suffer extreme anxiety, for example, the idea of going to a classical music recital may appeal to some but may be considered torture by others (Caldwell, 1992). The definition of leisure is a complex one since there are a numbers of ways which accurately define what leisure is. In its broadest definition, it can be understood as time left after work is done as it is explained in contemporary terms by Roberts (1999). This does not include an application of this idea to those who are retired or those who have no employment to take up the majority of their time. Additionally, there can be situations where work itself becomes so absorbing and entertaining that it falls under the heading of Leisure (Haworth & Lewis, 2005). Therefore a personal definition of leisure is important and it can be said that a person intrinsically knows when they have experienced leisure as opposed to work that is mentally or physically draining. Additionally, a leisure activity may be influenced by guilt associated with indulgence and avoidance of work which might alter the nature of the experience as well as the quality (Bà ©rubà ©, 2005). In fact, Haworth and Lewis (2005) make the point that research on leisure should be conducted on an experiential basis focusing on the positive dimensions of the leisure experience by including aspects of motivation, autonomy and personal enjoyment. Such an experience of leisure would also cover serious leisure as discussed by Stebbins (2004), who differentiates between the forces of work, leisure and

South West Airlines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

South West Airlines - Research Paper Example The company also seeks to serve the communities it engages with a sense of involvement and diversity, while providing business sustainability to the shareholders (Lauer, 2010). The company has future strategies of expanding regionally, to serve other markets that include Canada and Mexico. The South West Airlines operates in a competitive environment, where the participants in the airline industry are constantly striving to make profits. The challenges facing the company in its operating environment include competition from the other major industry players in the airline industry, the rising costs of fuels, the slow growth of the USA economy and the ever-rising inflation (Evans, 2002). All these environmental factors have served to make the business environment for the airline a major challenge. Nevertheless, with such challenges facing the South West Airlines, one factor has stood out as its single most strength; the South West Airlines organizational culture, which has allowed it t o overcome most of these challenges and rise to become the giant organization it is today. An Introduction to the focus of the report The South West Airlines has emerged as the major focus of the airline industry, owing to its operating culture that has served to enable the organization grow and expand, in an industry that is so dynamic and unpredictable, where major giants emerges and collapses in unpredictable fashion (Wilson, 2004). There are various factors that account for the profit dynamism and unpredictability in the airline industry. First, the airline industry is wholesomely dependent on the economic performance of a country, especially for the domestic-based airline operators, considering that the economic situations of... The South West Airlines operates in a competitive environment, where the participants in the airline industry are constantly striving to make profits. The challenges facing the company in its operating environment include competition from the other major industry players in the airline industry, the rising costs of fuels, the slow growth of the USA economy and the ever-rising inflation. All these environmental factors have served to make the business environment for the airline a major challenge. Nevertheless, with such challenges facing the South West Airlines, one factor has stood out as its single most strength; the South West Airlines organizational culture, which has allowed it to overcome most of these challenges.The South West Airlines has emerged as the major focus of the airline industry, owing to its operating culture that has served to enable the organization to grow and expand, in an industry that is so dynamic and unpredictable, where major giants emerge and collapse in an unpredictable fashion. There are various factors that account for the profit dynamism and unpredictability in the airline industry. First, the airline industry is wholesomely dependent on the economic performance of a country, especially for the domestic-based airline operators, considering that the economic situation of the individuals within a country determines their ability and preference of air travel, at the expense of the other means of travel, such as the road or rail.

Perceived Leader Integrity Scale Personal Statement

Perceived Leader Integrity Scale - Personal Statement Example As per the results, I will judge the personality of my supervisor by comparing the results with the actual personality of my supervisor. In comparison, I will state whether I agree with the results or not. In the end, I will state couple of examples to prove accuracy of my findings. We all know that Perceived Leadership Integrity Scale is used to measure the ethical status of any person as well as it is an assessment of any one for his or her leadership qualities. We can judge on the basis of this scale score that whether the person is eligible for the leadership post or not. Similarly, I have completed the integrity scale for my supervisor and I am not surprised with the results I got from it, since, my supervisor is a truly kind and honest person. I am pleased to state that I got a score of 32 for my supervisor that will never be surprising to anyone who knows him closely. Now I would like to give couple of examples to support my assessment regarding my supervisor. I still remember the day when I came to this institute as a newbie. My supervisor was the first person with whom I met that day. Very politely, he gave me many advices that I couldn’t forget for my whole life. He advised me to be honest not only for being a student but for my whole life. He made me realize the importance of truth and honesty in anyone’s life. When someone is teaching about honesty and loyalty then how come he is a liar himself? That’s why I more than believe that my supervisor is highly ethical and deserves 32 score. Another example of the high ethics of my supervisor is, one day I was late for my class and I had to pay the fine amount for getting late. On that day I forgot to get my money because I was already late for the institute. I let him know the entire story and the reason for my delay to the class. Though he possess soft corner for everyone but that doesn’t mean that he bends rules as per his needs. He didn’t ask me to omit the fine but very

GLOBALIZATION QUESTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GLOBALIZATION QUESTION - Essay Example Religious practices derive meaning and force from integration with cultural beliefs and practices. Across different denominations, religion derives its truth value from its dependence and connection with the cultural fabric. Religious truth is based on the ability of the underlying tradition to provide its followers with a predefined worldview over a long period of time. Moreover, the world view should have meaning, Lead to physical and spiritual integration, moral guidance, hope and faith in both the present and the future. Religions like Christianity, zoroasticism, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam claim absolute validity but it is expressed through different structures (Mary, 17). From history, most religions were recognized nationally and thus force followers to recognize its teachings for example, Islam in Arab countries. Religious truth is contradicted by the relative interpretations adopted to define situations and preferably make them fit into the speaker’s worldview. For in stance, in the early Greek philosophy, Socrates used truth as claptrap for the public orators through the use of conventional notions (Kluckhohn 6). The opposition between nature and convection hinders man from speaking out his mind but rather to conform to what the society believes in. The confusion leads to lack of a clear cut definition of what is considered as conventional and natural truth. According to Conze (153), naturally, all shameful things are evil like injustice is shunned by men and only slaves are meant to suffer injustice. In Buddhism teachings, common sense and spiritual truth are considered to be the two distinct categories of truth that exist. According to the doctrine, both truths coexist and are the basis of the Budhi religion (Bodhi 20) . Through several assertions, Christianity professes the existence of doctrinal truth. For instance, Jesus Christ is considered to be the truth in the doctrine through his words â€Å"I am the way and the truth and the life, no one comes to the father but through me’ (Stephen 45). In Hinduism, truth is part of the ten religious attributes of Dharma. Believers are required to be truthful and to speak only of what they have seen and understood. For example, in India, â€Å"Rishi†, truth, entails existence, truth of ones being, and truth of being God (Kluckhohn 367). In Judaism, in the old testament, truth is the word of God and followers believe that spiritual leaders are truthful and have power to deliver divine intervention. Despite the difference in religious symbols from one culture to another, they serve the same purpose of helping the society deal with issues that are beyond human control. However, the system is based on simple truths as defined by different societies. For example, Christianity and Buddhism shun laziness and encourage independence, courage, endurance, and desire to live for the good of everyone. In Christianity, a man’s divinity in his feelings is more important t han concepts because the desire to live up to the concepts causes contradiction in his or her character (Goody 97). Religion creates consciousness in individuals in how he should relate with others and use the lessons to sail through life’s tribulations positively. Religions are part of culture in different societie

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 26

Journal - Essay Example s not just limited to developed countries who have traditionally been more favorable towards women in careers; typically more male-centric areas of the world like India and China are also showing massive improvements in the way that women are treated in the workplace and their access to jobs and education. However, it must be noted that there are still areas for improvement, despite the fact that the arena has changed so much for the better. Women still do not make as much as men overall (men make $23.4 trillion compared to a female $10.5 trillion) which means that their power and access to some things may be limited. However, it is noted by Foroohar et al (2009) that this may be because it will take a while for the elder women who make less money to retire and allow younger women with higher standards of education and economic prospects to take their place. This is again, proof that women are in a much stronger economic position than they have been previously and that this effect will continue to be seen across the globe. There is also evidence that economic conditions, whilst not necessarily excellent for women in the developing world, will continue to improve as households get more access to technology (like television) and see other countries attitudes towards female economic

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Final - Research Paper Example how a human body was found burned to ashes inside a room without any apparent cause; and how the rest of the objects in the room remained relatively unaffected. Since then, this phenomenon has been introduced as a possibility. Stories on SHC have been enriched and regenerated due to cases of police officers arriving at scenes of fires where they were able to find half burned bodies which often left only the leg or foot unburned. These cases puzzled them, hence the perpetuation of the SHC phenomenon. Spontaneous human combustion is defined as the â€Å"alleged process of a human body catching fire as a result of heat generated by internal chemical or nuclear action† (Carroll â€Å"From Abracadabra to Zombies†). There have so far been no witnesses for this phenomenon but many stories have been generated about it. The earliest explanations for SHC have been based on an apparent visitation by God and this explanation may have a strong connection with Moses and the burning bush. However, more scientific explanations for SHC have now been presented for our consideration (BBC News â€Å"H2G2†). Author Charles Dickens has used SHC in one of his novels as a cause of death and this has further generated interest on its possibility. Dickens further claimed that he has known cases of SHC and he points out two main cases which have happened over a hundred years ago (Carroll â€Å"From Abracadabra to Zombies†). But non-believers claim that Dickens probably got his idea from the stories of Dupont in his book De Incendiis Corporis Humani Spontaneis. This book points out how a drunken German spontaneously ignited because of his intake of copious amounts of brandy. Immediately, faults in this theory were pointed out when non-believers point out that if drinking plenty of liquor would cause SHC, then there would have been many more reported incidents of the phenomenon. The proposal on alcoholic consumption has actually been debunked by scientists when they explained that

Energy Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Energy Drinks - Essay Example Energy drinks contains caffeine which provides stamina and increases the physical performance to the consumers. In natural form, caffeine is a bitter tasting drug but most of the energy drinks are processed to cover the bitter taste. Caffeine is contained in drinks like chocolate, coffee, tea and many other soft drinks, it also found in many over the counter medications especially the painkillers. Caffeine is usually eliminated from the body very rapidly though its effects may last for about six hours. Caffeine and other ingredients of energy drinks stimulate the central nervous system thereby improving the metabolic reactions of the body, hence they are used recreationally and medically to restore mental awareness. When the central nervous system is stimulated, the brain tends to function faster due to improved flow of thought, increased alertness and better coordination of the body and in excess the effects flow to the spinal cord (Han et al 2007, 499). The energy drinks has several other ingredients that include taurine and glucuronolactone apart from caffeine. Taurine is a type of an amino acid that is found naturally in the human body and is a very important building block for proteins. Many people rely on energy drinks to replace the lost taurine, as in taurine is lost in times of stress in small amounts leading to some sort of deficiency (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 219). The taurine amino acids are believed to be antitoxic substances that cleanse the body of harmful substances. Glucuronolactone is carbohydrate metabolite that also occurs naturally in the body though it can be synthesized artificially, it provides instant energy boost since it's a carbohydrate formed from glucose catabolism and its also believed to cleanse the body of harmful substances. The body's homeostasis system is designed to maintain constancy in the body, upon consumption of caffeine; the body reacts to it to try and neutralize the effects of the caffeine through the process termed metabolism or catabolism to be precise. Caffeine is totally absorbed in the stomach and the small intestines within the first thirty minutes after ingestion. Following absorption, caffeine is metabolized into three compounds; theobromine, paraxanthine and theophyline with the latter constituting the smaller percentage while paraxanthine comprising the largest percentage about 84% (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 223). Metabolism takes place in the liver with the use of enzyme system called cytochrome P450 oxidase; paraxathine breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in a process called lipolysis, theobromine is alkaloid that is also a vasodilator and therefore dilates blood vessels and hence increases urine formation, and thoephylline is a smooth muscle relaxant and a diuretic (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 226). The three compounds are further metabolized before excretion. For the body to get rid of the foreign particles in the body, caffeine and its by-products have to be eliminated and are usually excreted following the

The cask of amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The cask of amontillado - Essay Example Jealousy and pride are two of the most basic human traits that it oftentimes drives a person to murder as an act of revenge upon the person whom one feels has bested him, as in the case of Montresor and the unfortunately named Fortunato. As indicated in the opening statement of the story â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge.† (Poe 743). Within the context of the story, we can see that Montresor feels that Fortunato has made a fool of him many times and has thus, hurt his pride often. Reaching his tipping point, he then vows to exact revenge upon Fortunato, though he is unsure of whether his desire to kill the other is based upon jealousy or revenge. Montresor proves to be a master of mind games as he successfully uses reverse psychology in order to continue to entice Fortunato towards the deep catacombs where his death awaited him. He appealed to the vanity and pride of Fortunato in order to ensure the success of his plans. This leads the reader to conclude that Montresor has a perverse mind that simply wanted to do Fortunato fatal harm even though he had not done anything within the storyline to deserve such a fate. Yet towards the end, we see that Montresor still has some control over his mental faculties as he senses guilt and remorse over what he has done to Fortunato. A man whom he knows truly has not done anything wrong to him except to be better than him in certain ways. Thus we see a man, psychologically conflicted and unable to deal with the results of his actions in his

Road Map to Peace Essay Example for Free

Road Map to Peace Essay Abstract The main aim of this paper is to focus on the current developments on the peace process in the Israel-Palestinian Conflicts.   This paper also provides some critical insights on the initiatives done by international organizations like the United Nations in dealing with the conflict. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peace and security is one common measurement of political stability in any country.   This is because developments through economic and international relationship always start with peace and security.   For any country these days security is indeed one of the most important factors in the government.    Actually, there are many ways and means on how to achieve it, first the government should established a strong military forces, secondly, the country must have a strong relationship with international agencies and they must respect it.   One very powerful organization is the United Nations.   Organization like the UN does not only assist the country in providing some clear guidelines but also they are also there to impose military support if needed. And for them, it is always for the good of many and the entire world is what they are always aiming for in every policies or treaties they amend or newly create like in this paper, the Israel-Palestinian conflict has been there more than the Iraq takeover has started, and as based on studies it has been there for more than a century now.   But this conflict continues to provide some security issues in the world and most specially the region around it, particularly Europe and the Middle East.   If this continues, more and more lives will continue to perish and these would create imbalance in our global economy which will lead to issues like isolations, lack of opportunities, poverty and a lot more.   In this paper it will focus mainly of the current status of the conflict between Israel and Palestine.   Knowing what are the latest initiatives and actions that the UN and other allied forces and the US is doing to help at least reduce the tension and move to economic development s and peace for the countries. Israel-Palestinian Conflict – How does it Originated?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Israel-Palestinian conflict has all started in the 19th century, when the Zionist Jews planned to establish a new and modern state in the ancient land of Israel, which for them it is rightfully won by them.   Then the Zionist empire has started to encourage many of its followers to starts to encourage its people to migrate in this land even though they were not still given the full rights of the land.   Then after the first World War, the United Kingdom gas given the rights to own the land and with the Union of Nation which now popularly known as the United Nation, they have approved to divide the land into two, one for the Jews and the other for the Arabs.   But the Arab league and communities would not agree with the agreement and has fought war, which eventually has invaded Israel.   Then by 1948, the Arab-Israel war had exploded as the Israel re-claims its own territory but leaving Jerusalem as a divided city.   But this revolt has become the final measuring stick for the Arab Region of not recognizing Israel instead they have pursued on supporting the Palestinian government. That was some of the main key historical situation in that time that triggers the lack of respect and finding for peace between the Arab adopted Palestinian and Israel government.   With the very deep meaning from each of this country that goes on for more than a century now, it has been a very difficult for both developed countries and international organizations to make both of these countries look for peace and pursue on economic development.   As one of the latest story that were reported in the UN news center, with its current UN Security Council head Ban Ki-Moon, that he calls for end in the Palestinian and Israeli war, as it already killed many lives and will continue to grown on numbers if they will not look into preserving the lives of its own people most specially the young generations who are hopeless.   The Security Council head has also stated that there are still on-going peace treaties that needs to be followed and that will still be applied. This Humanitarian treaty has been there but the problem is that both governments are not respecting it.   This is just a clear showing that even a well respected international organization like the United Nations has already imposed this sanction for the respect and preservation of the lives of the affected families that caught by cross fire between these countries are not enough to prevent them from pursuing their ideology.   With this the council will be expected to visit both countries to further re-iterate and re-establish its global power over these countries and have them respect the Humanitarian Policy of the United nation.   Religious organizations will also be involved in addressing the conflict in order to have one common vision and that is all for peace in both countries.   With the clear guidelines that will be set to re-instated for both governments, the council is very confident that it will at least reduce the conflict.   (Ban Ki-moon calls for end to Palesti nian attacks, restraint by Israeli forces, 2008). The UN Humanitarian Policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main objective of the United Nations, Humanitarian Policy is mainly protecting the victim of war and law governing the conduct of hostilities, which started from 1856 up to the present.   The following are the State parties or countries expected to strictly apply the following International Humanitarian Law and Other related Treaties as of June 2008.   (1) Treaty relating to the Protection of Victims of Armed Conflicts, which is well applied to Israel and Palestinian government, (2) Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, (3) Weapons treaties and last is (4) Environment.   For treaties relating to the protection of victims of armed conflicts, the following treaties are applied: Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field Geneva, 12 August 1949 Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick in and Shipwrecked members of Armed Forces at Sea Geneva, 12 August 1949 Convention (I) Relative to the Treatment of prisoners of War Geneva, 12 August 1949 Convention (I) Relative to the Treatment of Civilian Person in the Time of War   Geneva, 12 August 1949 These are just some of the most relevant treaties in the International Humanitarian law that the United Nations is applying to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.   These treaties may be so powerful indeed for almost any countries that need to follow, most specially those that are afflicted by war like Israel and Palentine.   But, the only problem is that, just like in local or some international policies, it is not well implemented and even the military forces not also following it.   Some of the main reasons are lack of information being disseminated to the countries and their government.   Second, lack of formal launching and imposing of the law that should have to be formally deal into by affected countries in order for them to know their limitations as well as main obligations.   The organization must have the desire of making it happen by not only imposing by only writing or just amending the law, policies or treaties. There should be constant follow-ups and negotiation in between these times of conflicts which is the main cause of the problem.   This will not also be a big help for the organization in easing up the load since it just keeps on adding and unloading this issues may also give the council and the entire organization more focus to other issues which are actually same as important as this one, like the global economy and health.   This also need to give a more focus by the organization and these should also be given relevant theories as well.   So for the Security Council, it needs to be aggressive and work its own way within the situation and always find better ways as to how these conflicting government arrived to a common goal of peace and prosperity to its respective countries.   (The ICRC, n.d.). Lost Prospective on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very important that more and more international involvement and strengthening of position by the United Nation and all its members to help one another in resolving the conflict.   Many countries considers that it is better not to be involved as political issues may only start to affect their local government or sometimes countries would consider that they might only be seen as a follower or supporter for the conflict on hand.   But, in fact there are many ways that countries with the United nation can do in order to settle this conflict.   By only encouraging the Arab Region of reconciliation with Israel and making a promise to support its economy will end the problem.   Or maybe involving the countries of giving both countries the chance by allowing them to enter into business in to the other countries will be the answer as well.   But, it is not that easy, like for the Europeans they have the European Union that even befo re where its main objective is to protect its economic status and be able to work in isolation.   Or in the US, which even though they are one of the most well considered a free country, strictness in security policy automatically rejects bilateral agreement to some but making it all available to those that are from them would not only give them good economic growth but also security for its people.   This is the main issue that is needed to be address by the UN. A commitment that any member must look into more of a long-term peace and security that will not improved the economy but can give more and more opportunity for many people, most specially these afflicted countries that is being studied in this paper.   For countries, that opportunity runs only within their state is a clear as isolating them and making them work in their own.   Same as dishonoring a brother which has been a good one before but due to challenges it turns to be not the ideal one, but time goes by and the brother goes back at home and asking for acceptance.   Acceptance that will change his lives and not anymore go into the dark side and preventing everything he can not to go back from that dark part of his life.   But in the case of the conflict between Israel and Palestinian, recognizing them or telling them that it is ok and not actually performing it in true sense is mush harder to take.   This is the situation that is happening all over the world. There are many leaders that assume that everything is running well, due to the fact that they would understand that their organization is powerful and these countries will follow.   But, it is not, the lives that is wasted and the more and more generations that are not anymore preserved in the future, just add more killings and hatred and this should be the focus on how not only to call for peace but also a true acceptance for its by acting on it the real way is needed.   The United Nations and the Developed countries should be in the forefront of this plan to be able to show how true leadership and finding of true peace must be done.   Like for instance for Israel government preventing mobility by the Palestinian is one seen to be one of the causes that triggers conflicts.   As long as a country like Israel outs on roadblocks instead of giving them liberty in doing what they want is enough to help peace to go on.   Trusting is something that needs to give and should not ha ve any limitations. And these roadblocks also leaves Palestinian government but to retaliate and do what the government finds it necessary and the result bloodshed everywhere and at the end the final loser are the people and not the ideology that either of the country is pursuing.   There are also other conflicting ideas, like the expansion of settlement but certain preventive measures were implemented like putting some fences within the land that were not yet settled as to whom it may be owned is something that the UN and the local government continues to see and observed but no concrete humanitarian settlement are happening.   This will not end the conflict and the promise for peace will just be a dream and will never be realized unless there will be an aggressive act for the parties in achieving it. This is considered a lost perspective for the Israel-Palestinian Peace and prosperity initiative, thinking of the lives of the children, like their education, their social well being and the chance to live the life that they deserve more than all of us here in this world is something that affects the heart deep into our veins.   This is something that the United nations and its member nations should look at, as children may only be sleeping at night but at the next day, not even having given the chance to breath even a fresh air to lived as these children were merciful not to perished but still succumb to the wild and very selfish mind of its leaders that does not think of getting more in to loving to let peace reign over them.   (Ben-Meir, Alon, 2006). Israel-Palestinian Conflict’s Current Situation and Initiatives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As to look at the current situation on this conflict, there are still many talks and initiatives in addressing this issue into the next level.   But even the government and the international group would also find it hard as support and collaborations among them are needed in order to effectively address the issue well.   It was in Jerusalem were supposed to be settlement of the conflict must be conducted, as the Israeli legislators withdrew and leaves the coalition with 67 parliament hundred twenty seats.   This was initiated as it was reported that Israeli forces killed 3 new Palestinian people and what was very devastating for the Palestinian is that one that was killed is a young boy.   Then later it was retaliation for Palestinian forces as it also killed 2 military armed men.   With this settlement it was supposed to work on for the present new year to at least set the issue straight again and form a more detailed plan on ho w the countries can resolved the issue.    But, since Israel has withdrawn its support for this undertaking, it only shows that with their option of doing that, it creates some news that it was the Israel government that are more not focus on the peace treaty and instead it continues to follows its own government direction.   This was also a sign that the country is also finding more reason to operate its military forces and in order not to be out in the hit seat as that meeting will also send some United Nation’s Security Council member to facilitate the talks. Leaving the talks is really hindrance in achieving peace.   This continuously becoming a trend for most peace signing agreement in the world now, as countries should not be attending the said meeting and then follow its own directives on how they can work their way and do not want to be dictated.   Another consideration for most countries is that, they can easily pinpoint that most developed countries are just that opportunist to be involved, because with that they can easily work their business within the country.   This is not the way it goes; it is just a starting point to control tragic results of continued conflicts and not letting other countries to sort of involve because of its own personal intentions.   (Kershner, Isabel, 2008). On-Going Financial Aid for the Conflict on Hand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the Palestinian government is the one that is much affected and not Israel, President Abbas is continuously asking for financial aid for some international organization.   This time, he seeks for a double than the same amount that was usually asked for.   This aid will be used from 2008 to 2010 and the amount is 5.8 billion dollars.   This aid will be expected as usual to rich and well developed countries in Europe and in the US.   This will be used for infrastructure projects, but much of the amount will be used for payment for public employees and improving the government system of Palestine.   This is very important in the sense that the government is trying to let conflict go behind them and pursue on developing the economy of the country. These are one of the main agenda of Abbas as he let this conflict behind and call fro change.   This is welcomed by many of his supporters as they are facing a tremendous economic downturn and they need bug support in this situation.   He also considers that the government must look on international trade and enhancing the agricultural business and improving its industrial sector.   But this cannot be sustained or not possible without the support of its local people. That is why the biggest part of the aid, will be allocated to wages of the public employees who will be working in achieving his goal of economic reform.   This was a nice moved for the president since it was almost many times in the past that the government has been focusing on hoe to strengthen its military forces but in fact what is important is the food in the tables of its people and bullets will definitely cannot give that for them.   This time the focus is more on the future and long-term plan for development and progress and it will start after the aid will come into their hands and they count mostly European countries to provide them that needed money.   (The Associated Press, 2007). Future Direction and Goal for Israel and Palestinian Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the United States, both the Palestinian and Israel government has committed to pursue on the peace treaty by the end of 2008.   It was attended by country representatives, most specially the Security Council that is very appreciative about these developments.   Both countries have committed that for the present they have committed themselves to continue developing its economy and would try their best to leave their arms for the sake of its people.   This was also a good moved as the United States also promised that they will always behind in all the development and needed support just in case.   This was one of the best days for the conflict to little bit moved for progress.   Most specially for the Palestinian government where it needs to improved its economic status. This was also a good time for both of the countries since they were given itself an open opportunity to open up its economy with other countries who are also as excited to work with them in improving its own economy as well, like most if its are the developing countries of the world.   This has given both the Israel and Palestinian government a time to look for the much better attention of protecting its lives not by bullets or war but by providing them what their people truly deserve and that is food in their table and opportunity that they have longed for a number of years now.   This is the main key for this agreement signing of having to re-visit the peace agreement.   If this works continues, again there is no question that this will create big impact not only to the global economy but also political sector.   (Myers, S. Lee Cooper, Helene, 2007). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this paper it was very clear that the current Israel-Palestinian conflict continues to move for greater peace.   With their focus on economic progress and improved bilateral relationship,, it will be no doubt that if this continues, the longest day of conflict may come to an end.   In this paper it also showed that there are also some problems that were instigated by both parties that affects the International Humanitarian Law of the United Nation which was the main policy used by the Security Council in order for this conflict be settled.   This paper also provides an importance to political stability to succeed not only in business or economy but also for peace and security.   Also this cannot materialize by just performing local policies and initiatives, the involvement of an international organization and the support of other countries is still needed just trust and respect is needed for it to happen. References â€Å"Ban Ki-moon calls for end to Palestinian attacks, restraint by Israeli forces.† UN News Center. 17 January 2008 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=25325Cr=gazaCr1=israel Ben-Meir, Alon. â€Å"Lost Perspective in the Israel-Palestinian Conflict.† The Humanist, Vol. 66 January-February 2006. Goodwin, Jason. â€Å"The Pragmatic Caliphs.† The New York Times 06 January 2008 Kershner, Isabel. â€Å"Hard Line Legislator Quits Israel Coalition Over Talks.† The New York Times 17 January 2008 Myers, S. Lee Cooper, Helene. â€Å"Israel and Palestinians Set Goal of a Treaty in 2008.† The New York Times 28 November 2007 â€Å"SPECIAL SESSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL ON ISRAELI MILITARY INCURSIONS IN NORTHERN GAZA OPENS.† United Nations Office At Geneva. 15 November 2006 http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/9EE551C649734B07C1257227004AD541?OpenDocument The Associated Press. â€Å"Abbas to Seek Almost Twice as Much Aid From Abroad.† The New York Times 06 December 2007 â€Å"The ICRC: promoter and guardian of International Humanitarian Law (IHL).† ICRC. N.d. http://www.icrc.org/ihl Worth, Robert. â€Å"Al Jazeera No Longer Nips at Saudis.† The New York Times 04 January 2008

An Examination Of The Kalabagh Dam Controversy Environmental Sciences Essay

An Examination Of The Kalabagh Dam Controversy Environmental Sciences Essay Since the Independence of Pakistan in August 14th 1947, Pakistan had many dams but the three main operating dams were Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak. For the past decade following the new millennium, there has been an immense electricity shortage in the country of nearly 3000 megawatts due to severe water logging and siltation in the dams. Thereby President Pervez Musharaff in 2005, realizing this great problem, re-opened the idea of Kalabagh dam, in December 2005, It was said to be in the greater interest of the nation. This dam was to be built on the Indus River. It was situated in Kalabagh in the Mianwali district which is in the province of Punjab. The dam would be bordering the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa area. This multipurpose dam would provide a storage capacity of 6.1 million acres, which would not only provide water for irrigation but for the development of new projects under the Water Appointment Accord (WAA) of 1991. However, even though this project was already proposed in 2008, whe n the peoples party government came into power, Raja Pervez Ashraf the Federal Minister for Water and Power cancelled the plan by stating that there was fierce opposition from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and that the project was no longer feasible. kalabagh 3.jpg kalabagh 4.jpg This disagreement arose due to a conflict of interests between the three provinces of Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Main reason was that there would be unequal benefits to the provinces. However, after the heavy floods that touched Pakistan in the year of 2010, many believed that the construction of the Kalabagh dam would have helped save a large amount of devastation. The main importance of dams is to stop the flow of water, divert water, generate hydroelectricity, and provide water for irrigation, improving navigation, supply water to a town or a city, flood control, and generate power for that specific area. The main controversies that exist in this issue can be highlighted as water availability, food security, energy, the environmental and ecosystem impacts, the technical and financial feasibility of Kalabagh, social impacts; these include community displacement and rehabilitation. The debate on the Kalabagh dam takes its importance from the fact that if it had been built it could have saved the country from its worst ever natural disasters in which 20 million people were displaced. Apart from this, the dam if built would be able to produce 3500 megawatts of electricity which could have in turn saved the country from the power crisis it is facing today. However, this debate can be rebounded through another theory that if the three operating dams Mangla, Tarbela, and Warsak flush the silt, the country would almost be rid of its power shortage in the first place and it would mean a huge misallocation of resources in a time where the country is already in great debt. There seems to be a chronic mistrust and conflict of self interest between the central governments, land owners and politicians from which some fear that the building of the dam could mean more floods, and eventually destroy their crops. The Kalabagh dam would cost an estimated US $3.4 billion and was scheduled to be completed in a time span of six years. Literature Review kalabagh 8.gif Debate The Kalabagh dam is a huge and costly multipurpose project. Its main focus will be to provide electricity, and water for irrigation. The Kalabagh mega dam will professedly be able to generate 3600MW of electricity and store 6.1 MAF of water which will be able to irrigate 2 million acres providing for the food, and power needs of Pakistan. However, it will result in severe degradation of land by water-logging in about 20 years time. The other issues are the financial issues related with the building of Kalabagh dam. There is a very tiny possibility of our government in getting financial aid from international organizations. Most probably the dam will only increases are countries debts. However, if private infrastructure funds are attracted to finance the Kalabagh dam at a high return rate, it is uncertain that the project will still stay fiscally and cost-effectively feasible.1 The thought and possibility of building a large scale irrigation and power generation project at Kalabagh has evoked fierce criticisms among stakeholders. This has enabled this topic to still be a debated argument, and idea without a clear conclusion The very thought of building a large scale dam and not many smaller ones, to the thought of providing fair compensation, and the tremendous environmental and social impacts has emerged Kalabagh as an intensive and extensive field of argument. Clear cut information gaps, with low credibility of the government and the operating agencies, puts Kalabagh as an obstacle to informed debate. People supporting the construction of kalabagh dam argue that it is essential to meet the growing demands of an ever increasing population for cheap food, energy and that it will also increase the useful life of Mangla and Tarbela dams through reducing siltation. There seems to be an absence of systematic comparisons of Kalabagh with alternative ways of increasing deliveries of water in the irrigation system. It remains seemingly doubtful whether water flow in the Indus are violated or modified. Second, if fresh water below Kotri are reduced, the impact upon people dependant on agriculture and fisheries in coastal Sindh is highly disastrous. This will further result in the violation of the Water Accord. Another harmful effect of severe irrigation increase could also cumulate to further high levels of water logging and salinity in the Indus basin. kalabagh 9.jpe Continuous failures by the government in Tarbela, Ghazi barotha and Chotiari inspire little confidence in the government. The seminar also raised fundamental issues about the collection of funding for the construction of the kalabagh dam. If this project was to take place, hundreds and thousands of people will have to be resettled.1 Feasibility The Kalabagh mega dam will professedly be able to generate 3600MW of electricity and store 6.1 MAF of water which will be able to irrigate 2 million acres providing for the food and power needs of Pakistan. The inundated kucha Lands along the river Indus are 595,000 acres of think forest land and 600,000 of rich grazing land. If kalabagh dam project is given a green light, it could result in the grazing of this land which will further result in the lost of economic and social well being of a million people. However, it could also result in solving the power crisis of the entire country. Furthermore, the mangrove forest in Pakistan is spread over 650,000 acres and is the 6th largest in the world. It protects and nurtures thousands of botanic, aquatic, and wild life species. kalabagh 5.jpg Construction of Kalabagh will threaten the existence of these species. The total estimated cost of financing this project would be around US $8.0 billion (Oct, 1996 cost). The positive outcome identified from Kalabagh dam would be the Indus floods every five or six years, if there was a place to store this water, most of Pakistans problems concerning water availability would be almost over.2 Besides storing over 6 million acre feet of water for irrigation purposes, the dam would produce over 3600 MW. Kalabagh would be a source of cheap electricity and could serve to a massive advantage of many people. Petitions by some people have been filled against the federal government of neglecting the national interest by abandoning the project of Kalabagh which if constructed could serve hugely advantageous to the national economy. The dam would be a multipurpose project and should purely be falling in the domain of professional engineers as it seems that politicians oppose the dam more for political reasons than for any defect in the project. Opinions of Provinces kalabagh 10.gif The leading political party in creating opposition was the Awami National Party which expressed fierce reservations on the issue. The then Prime Minister Nawaz Shariff supported the construction and said that it should initiate without any further delay. Stakeholders in the National interest say that the agriculture and industrial sector could be served with the construction of the Kalabagh dam. It would be able to serve 2400 MW hydel power which could be maximized up to 3600 MW. According to some prominent individuals, It seems to be critical that the Kalabagh issue be resolved as day by day the the storace capacity of Mangla, Tarbela, and Chashma is gradually decreasing by sediment deposits. A difference of opinion in the ruling provinces has risen with Punjab and the federal government vowing for and the other three provinces voting against. A wrong decision could indeed jolt the federation.3 The irrigation and hydropower structure constructed along the 2900 km long the length of the river Indus includes two dams, nineteen barrages and forty three canals. The proposed location is 200 km downstream of Tarbela and Mianwali in Punjab province. The project will provide 35000 jobs. Experts say that Wapda has exaggerated the figures of water availability and that the water quality will be degraded if project initiates. The Arabian sea water might travel upwards for considerable distances submerging/immersing large region of lower Sindh. The shortage of water created by the dam could result the desertification of Sindh. Wapda has claimed that there is 17 MAF net available water but actually there is a shortage in the system and that Pakistan requires 16.0 MAF, so there is no surplus water for Kalabagh dam. It is also argued that if the water level in Mangla was increased without any major capital investment, what was the need for the construction of Kalabagh dam at the cost of Rs. 250 billion. Also, if farming practices were corrected, water logging and salinity could be reduced and there would be no need for the construction of Kalabagh.4 Division proportions The Kalabagh debate facts are not transparent and key issues like how much Indus river water is available and for whose usage and what expense remains unanswered. The 6.1 MAF water stored at Kalabagh is planned to be distributed as follows: Here are the supposed calculations of the water distribution, NWFP 1.1MAF, Punjab 2.1 MAF, Sindh 2.1 MAF and Balochistan 0.7MAF. This clearly shows that water distribution will be far from proportionately divided. Recent studies by professional analysts also clearly show that Wapda has incorrectly calculated the eastern river flows.5 Matters to consider Looking at the historical context, three trends can be seen, firstly, the need for water increasing, secondly, available water decreasing, and lastly downstream flow of water also decreasing. Like previously, it also seems unclear how the federal government plans to compensate the displaced persons, particularly the Sindhis who will be affected the most if the dam is to be built. From the information gathered, it can be noted that the construction of Kalabagh would mean a critical loss of natural habitat; we need more information on how Kalabagh will affect the Indus and Pakistan before making a decision.6 Discussion: kalabagh 11.jpg The Kalabagh dam has many positive and negative sides to it. Many specialists believe that Kalabagh dam is a constructive and necessary project while others believe that it has too many substantial negative aspects to it, and that it would be a bad idea to go through constructing it. My personal perspective on Kalabagh is that it should not be made and instead a better planned dam with less profound resistances, and difficulties should be implemented. Many facts show that Kalabagh dam could bring about major catastrophic problems, and yet would not guarantee the required supply of energy. Some major problems of the Kalabagh dam being implemented include the major problem of the Indus River running out of water or the water that remains there could get polluted due to salinity. The Indus river has already seen water shortages in the past decade, and the dams that are present already have not been able to be filled to their capacities. Besides this, the major conflict between the Punjab and the other three provinces is far too great. It is a common thing to believe among the people of the other three provinces that only the Punjab would be benefiting from the project. This belief amongst the three provinces can lead to a huge dispute within the country. The other major conflicts that caused for the plan to be rejected back in 1996 were that Kalabagh has been estimated to silt quicker than normal dams, the overall articulated performance of the dam seems not to be up to the required standard, and would have more cons than pros. It is estimated that the electricity that would be generated would be much less than the other already operating, and what is really needed. The electricity generation being so less, would mean that the maintenance, and operating expenses of the dam would be higher than the overall outcome. If the dam silts quicker this could cause the capacity of the dam and its performance to decrease even further. Another serious concern of the Kalabagh dam project is the displacement of the people who live in the area near the projected dam. These people will have to be resettled elsewhere which is another serious cost to the government. There would be a huge loss in the fertile land of the country, especially in the Punjab and Khyberpakhtunkhwa provinces. kalabagh 2.jpg The Kalabagh dam project is located near the forests where there is a huge amount of wildlife as well as trees necessary for mans survival in that area. These trees have material necessary for manufacturing of certain herbs and medicines. Endangering the wildlife is in turn dangerous for us as well, as food chains and the environment would be negatively afflicted. roads.jpg The structured building of the Kalabagh dam would also affect some of the major transportation routes in those particular areas. One of such bypasses is the Attock-Talang by-pass. These highways and bypasses would have to find a substitute route and this would cause further plans, implementation, and construction of new roads all across the province. This would further increase the cost, and would mean additional costs to the already weak project.7 The Kalabagh dam would bring more pressure on the river Kabul, and this would in-turn cause more water logging. Another disruption would be in providing gas. Kalabagh would disrupt the Sui gas pipe line between Peshawar-Rawalpindi, and Rawalpindi-Kohat. This would mean that new ways must be found to produce gas to these areas just as effectively and efficiently as these Sui gas lines do. Kalabagh dam would need a high amount of capacity to be filled for storage and irrigation canals, and to fill these amounts Sindh and Balochistan would have to suffer from shortages in water availability. This discussion could go on and on, the list will keep growing. However, the last major issue that the project of Kalabagh represents is that the location at which the dam is designed to be built lies on a faulty piece of earth, where a major earthquake could result in a really massive disaster.8 http://www.doodhpattiblogs.com/wp-content/earthquake_Pakistan.jpg In a world where the worlds less fortunate countries continue to be taken for granted by the more powerful nations, and where constant exploitation is norm, the World Bank continues on to show its state of readiness for the help of the Kala Bagh Dam, financially or otherwise. It has continued on to express that this project is the largest one currently present in the Banks Agenda. It has been in the Banks books since 1962 when Sir William Illif, the Banks chairman, along with USAID gave their votes for the Kala Bagh Dam. Wapda, on the other hand, were in the favor of the Tarbela Dam, which was later on selected by the countrys government and became the entity after a little while. kalabagh 7.JPG The Kala Bagh Dam has been described as a social service for the countrys electricity users who are using it free of cost. It has also been noted that the main idea behind the whole Kala Bagh Dam Project was to construct another source of electrical power generation for Pakistan, which has been facing deficits in meeting its electrical power demand. The Environmental Impact of the project is also considered to be a major issue. Keeping all these things in mind, the project incurs more social costs than benefits if the project is accepted and brought into construction.9 kalabagh 12.jpg It can be concluded that Kalabagh dam is not going to be beneficial to the country. It obviously poses some positive points such as higher production of energy, more irrigation, but these claims are just claims and have not stood well under the analysis of technical experts. WAPDA along with the present government has had a reputation for being highly non reliable, and untrustworthy. The projective supporters of Kalabagh seem to have not addressed the problems that would arise from the project in much detail. Even if the claims of the governments and the figures by WAPDA are accepted there are other major problems that cannot possibly be dealt with easily dealt with or avoided. The pollution of the water in the areas of Sindh and Balochistan are major sources of disputes. Even on human grounds when people living in those areas would be displaced, besides the cost, the people would have to move to a whole new lifestyle and familiarize themselves to a whole new environment. The long term effects of Kalabagh dam are inevitable such as the environmental degradation of the forests and the wildlife being adversely affected. Instead of constructing Kalabagh, the full capacity of the Pakistans existing dams Tarbela, Warsak, and Mangla should be utilized by clearing the silt, and increasing the height of the walls. Kalabagh dam is a mega project with huge risks as well. It would be wiser to construct a number of small dams which could produce the required energy, and not have major conflicts of opinion associated with their construction. kalabagh 13.jpg

Understanding The True Meaning Of Heritage

Understanding The True Meaning Of Heritage Alice Walker illustrates the significance of heritage in material objects by contrasting the family members in the story Everyday Use. Walker uses Mamma and Maggie, the youngest of the two daughters, as an example that heritage travels from one generation to another through experience and learning. However, Dee, the oldest daughter, possesses a misconception of heritage as material. During Dees visit with Maggie and Mamma, the contrast of the characters becomes a conflict because Dee misplaces the significance of heritage in her hope for displaying her racial heritage. Dee doesnt understand the true meaning of her heritage, unlike her sister and mother who do understand the true story behind the quilt and churn top. In Everyday Use Walker embodies the different sides of culture and heritage in the characters of Dee, Maggie and Mamma through symbolism in the quilt and churn, characterization of Mamma and Dee, and the impact of setting and education. Dee, Maggie, and Mamma each have a different outlook on their African heritage and culture. Unlike Mama who is rough and man-like, and Maggie who is shy and scared, Dee is confident, and beautiful: first glimpse of leg out of the car tells me it is Dee. Her feet were always neat-looking, as if God had shaped them Dee next. A dress down to the ground, in this hot weather. A dress so loud it hurts my eyes. There are yellows and oranges enough to throw back the light of the sun. Earrings gold, too, and hanging down to her shoulders (Walker 111). Maggie has lived in Dees shadow her whole life. Mamma describes Maggie as walking with her chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire (Walker 109). Even though the fire has had a major impact on Maggies body and personality, she still lives a satisfying and practical life, sharing the daily chores with Mama. In the near future she will marry John Thomas, a local man who seems to be a realistic choice (Walker 110). Mama i s more into the rough work, such as kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man, with her rough, man-working hands (Walker 110). Mamma symbolizes a simple satisfying way of life where items of culture and heritage are valued for both their usefulness as well as their personal significance. Mamma dreams a dream that her daughter, Dee, will arrive home and embrace her with tears in her eyes, and show affection for her. But when she comes home, Dee is seen as a stranger. She greets them saying Wasuzo-Teano! When Mamma refers to Dee by her name, Dee replies with No, Mama. Not Dee, Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo! Mamma asks, What happened to Dee? Dee replies with, Shes dead. I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me (Walker 111). Dees proclamation of her new name is a turning point in the story in which pushes Mammas limits (Farrell 179-86). In this part of the story Dee is rejecting her family history. Dee doesnt understand that there is actually a story of how she got her name. Mamma is quick to point out that Dee is named after her aunt, who was named after her grandmother. Even though Dee may not be an African name it is based on custom, tradition, ancestors and the heritage of the Johnson family. Mamma also doesnt show her true feelings of Dees arrival. She replaces her own fears onto Maggie when she anticipates that Maggie will be awed by Dees company. However, Maggies behavioreven her limited use of languageconveys disgust with her sister rather than envy and awe (Tuten 125-28). Mamma expects Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that no is a word the world never learned to say to her (Tu ten 125-28). Dee can be described as selfish and unappreciative because she obviously forgets where she came from. In a sense she forgets who she really is and the kind of household she grew up in. Mammas life growing up was different from the life Maggie and Dee grew up in. Mamma mentions that after second grade, the school was closed down, and because of this she is not educated and cannot read (Walker 110). Critics see Dees education and her insistence on reading to Mama and Maggie as further evidence of her separation from and lack of understanding for her family identity and heritage (Farrell 179-86). Tuten, for instance, argues that, in this story, Walker stresses not only the importance of language but also the destructive effects of its misuse. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Rather than providing a medium for newfound awareness and for community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ verbal skill equips Dee to oppress and manipulate others and to isolate herself (Farrell 179-86). Similarly, Donna Winchell writes that Dee tries to force on Maggie and her mother knowledge they probably do not need. She continues, Mrs. Johnson can take an objective look at whom and what she is and find not disillusionment but an easy satisfaction. Simple pleasures-a dip of snuff, a cooling breeze across a clean swept yard, church songs, the soothing movements of milk cows-are enough (Farrell 179-86). Although they were sisters, Dee and Maggie were two very different individuals with different aspects on certain objects such as the quilts and churn top. Maggie and Dee are very different from each other. Maggie is more of a passive individual who is unconfident and ashamed because of the burn scars that are located up and down her arms and legs, but Maggie understands the history behind simple objects, like the quilt, and the importance that it holds, unlike Dee. Dee takes the hand-crafted churn top, which she will apply as a centerpiece for the alcove table (Walker 112-113). Dee only wants these things to show off her African heritage, but Mamma and Maggie actually need these things to survive. Dee doesnt realize the true value of it. Her mother and sister use the churn top everyday by making butter. Dee is only concerned about fashion and the beauty of objects. Dee relates the items with her heritage now, but thought nothing of her heritage in her youth as she was growing up. Dees chase of her heritage is external, wishing to have these different items in order to display them in her home and using them to show off to her friends. Dee wants to keep the items as souvenirs and display them in her home. She wants the items because she understands each to have value, but Dee doesnt understand the deeper meaning behind the quilt or churn top. For example, instead of being used for warmth, she uses the quilt as a symbol of art or fashion to display on her wall. Dee and Mamma have different point of views on the quilts, and this makes their relationship complicated. Dees interpretation of the quilt conflicts with Mammas understanding of the quilts. There are all pieces of dresses Grandma used to wear. She did all this stitching by hand. Imagine! (Walker 113). This line represents that Dee considers the quilt worthless because the quilt is hand-stitched, not machined. Dee plans to show the quilts or Hang them, (Walker 113) unlike Maggie, who will actually put them to everyday use (Walker 113). Mama knows that there is a connection of heritage in Maggie, and she knows that It was Grandma Dee and Big Dee who taught Maggie how to quilt (Walker 113). Mama expresses herself in the climactic scene of the story not through words but through deeds: she hugs Maggie to her, drags her in the room where Dee sits holding the quilts, snatches the quilts from Dee, and dumps them into Maggies lap (Tuten 125-28). Its because Maggie has such a great connection with her heritage that Mama takes the quilts from Dee who held the quilts securely in her arms, stroking them clutching them closely to her bosom (Walker 113) and then hands them to Maggie. Only by reaction does she finally speak and tell Dee to take one or two of the others. Instead of using words, Mamas actions silence the daughter who has used language to control others and separate herself from the community: Mama tells us that Dee turns and leaves the room without a word (Tuten 125-28). Dees past is another reason of why she doesnt understand the importance of her heritage. Mamma remembers Dees childhood and her appreciation of nice things. Dee was not the least upset when their home burned to the ground while she was just a girl, Why dont you do a dance around the ashes? Id wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much (Walker 110). Dee is misinterpreting her heritage as material goods, as opposed to her ancestors customs and way of life. It could be because she left her hometown to get an education and become a more sophisticated and independent young woman. Dee believes heritage to be as concrete as a quilt on the wall or an old-time butter churn in the alcove. Dee has an understanding that the items are hand made by her ancestors, but remains unaware of the knowledge and history behind them. Mamma knows the traditions behind the quilts and it puts their ancestors memories to everyday use. Unlike Dee, Maggie understands the true meaning of her African heritage, and she believes to put all items to good use. On the other hand, Dee enjoys flaunt ing the beauty of objects instead of using them for their specific use. Through the story Everyday Use Walker presents that heritage is a practiced tradition. People can learn about their heritage and culture from one generation to the next. It is not suddenly picked up. A person who possesses real heritage and culture make use of it every day of their life.

Research Proposal: Eating Breakfast and Weight Loss Essay -- health, c

Introduction and Background Introduction Almost two out of three adults are obese or overweight, and more than half of the young children are not active enough to have potential risk for obesity (King, 2013). Obesity has already become one of the most significant public health issues in the entire world. Research has mentioned that obesity could lead to the many risks for premature mortality and numerous chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, coronary heart diseases, hypertension, and decreased life expectancy, and it could affect an individuals’ social and psychological status. People who have obesity are also more likely to experience bias, discrimination, and reduce quality of life (King, 2013). Numerous strategies have been proposed to manage obesity. Energy intake plays a key role in managing obesity and weight loss. Some people opt to eat one or two meals per day which may not be a healthy way of losing weight. Breakfast is often said to be the most important meal of the day. Eating a good breakfast can reduce the total energy, carbohydrate, and fat ingested over a long day, which a sufficient healthy breakfast can be conducive to change the portion size ingested at lunch and dinner in order to cut off calories (De Castro, 2007). Some researchers mentioned that increasing breakfast intake could help to decrease weight easier compared to those who did not eat breakfast (Schusdziarra et al., 2011). Choosing what type of breakfast to eat is important when individuals want to have access to controlling weight. Vander et al. (2008) said that the egg breakfast could enhance the efficiency of weight loss with an energy-deficit diet. However, some individuals still don’t believe e... ... 167 (2), 188. Lohman, T. G., Roche, A. F., &Martorell, R. (1991). Anthropometric standardization reference manual, 71-80. Miller, T., Mauthner, M., Birch, M. & Jessop, J. (2012). Ethics in qualitative research. SAGE. Sacco, J. E., &Tarasuk, V. (2009). Health Canada's proposed discretionary fortification policy is misaligned with the nutritional needs of Canadians. Journal of Nutrition, 139(10), 1980- 1986. Schusdziarra, V., Hausmann, M., Wittke, C., Mittermeier, J., Kellner, M., Naumann, A., Erdmann, J. (2011). Impact of breakfast on daily energy intake - an analysis of absolute versus relative breakfast calories.Nutrition Journal, 10(1), 5-12. Wyatt, H. R., Grunwald, G. K., Mosca, C. L., Klem, M. L., Wing, R. R., & Hill, J. O. (2002). Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Research, 10(2), 78-82.

Free Hamlet Essays: Role of Women in Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet   Role of Women For many years in the past women played a small role socially, economically, and politically. As a result of this many works in literature were reflective of this diminutive role of women. In Elizabethan theatres small boys dressed and played the roles of women. In contrast to this trend, in Shakespeare's Hamlet the women in the play are driving factors for the actions of many other characters. Both Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, and Ophelia, Hamlet's love, affected many of the decisions and actions done by Hamlet. Gertrude influenced Hamlet significantly throughout the course of the play. Hamlet was very angered by his mother's remarriage. A few months after his father's death, Gertrude married Claudius, Hamlet's uncle. He was driven mad when his father's ghost appeared to him and revealed that Claudius was responsible for the death of Old Hamlet. Hamlet even termed the marriage as incest. Hamlet's fury is displayed when he throws his mother on the bed and says, "Frailty, thy name is woman" (Act #. Scene #. Line #). This shows his extent of anger because he makes a generalization that all women are weak. As a result of his mother's actions, Hamlet strives to seek revenge against Claudius for the death of his father. In order to marry Gertrude, Claudius kills his brother. Therefore, Gertrude is the driving factor for the whole setup of the play. Another significant female character is Ophelia, Hamlet's love. Hamlet's quest for revenge interferes with his relationship with Ophelia. There is much evidence to show that Hamlet loved her a great deal, but his pretense of madness drove her to her death. Ophelia drowned not knowing what was happening to her. This can be deduced by the fact that she flowed down the river singing and happy when in truth she was heartbroken. Ophelia was very much afraid when she saw Hamlet "with his doublet all unbraced; No hat upon his head; his stockings foul'd, Ungarter'd, and down-gyved to his ancle" (Act #. Scene #. Line #). She described him as being "loosed out of hell" (Act #. Scene #. Line #). In addition to that he scared her when he left the room with his eyes still fixed on her. She is especially hurt when Hamlet tells her that he no longer loves her and that he is opposed to marriage. He advises her to go to a nunnery and avoid marriage if she can.

Expression Through Experience: the Impact of Writers Lives Through Poetry

A. J. Vega Professor Alba English 1317: Introduction to Literature February 13, 2013 Expression Through Experience: The Impact of Writers Lives Through Poetry Poetry comes in various styles, writings, languages, and elements, but it is not just the literature that is different: the poets have their own unique way to write and express themselves through poems. From the 1600s’ to the present, poetry and literature as a whole has changed greatly based on the experiences and events that have taken place in the lives of writers.Like many other people in this world, they have witnessed death, tragedy, heartbreak, and loss of hope, which inspired their writings and changing the world of literature. Because of this, many people can relate to these poems because of similar experiences and can reflect on their perspectives and compare their ideals to the poets that express their thoughts in their work. People like Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, and Matthew Arnold, all unique poets, have made connections to their lives and invested their time into writing poems to express their ideas and feelings to relate to people everywhere.Robert Frost was an American poet during the Naturalism period. This period lasted from the end of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. During this period there was brutality of human live and of nature as well (Alba). According to Josh Rahn, â€Å"The dominant theme of Naturalist literature is that persons are fated to whatever station in life their heredity, environment, and social conditions prepare them for. † This implies that people’s lives would be dependent on their own experiences like where and how they lived, who they were and their status in society.Rahn would also relate the Naturalist period to be â€Å"the logical growth of literary Realism† (Rahn). The Naturalist writers of this time did not include religion in their literature, and does not expect the world to change, whether their p erspectives about it are good or bad. At the same time of the Naturalist period, the Progressive Era took place. This is a time where America was starting to be acknowledged as a powerful nation in the world, but internally, the nation was suffering. This was the time leading intoWorld War I and right before the Roaring Twenties and then the Great Depression, which were all unexpected and rapid events occurring right after another. Robert Frost was born in San Francisco in 1874 and moved to the New England area at the age of eleven. Frost married Elinor Miriam White, who was his main inspiration for many of his poetry before her death in 1938 (Academy of American Poets). He was also inspired by British poets during that time like: Edward Thomas, Rupert Brooke, and Robert Graves (Academy of American Poets).Much of Frost’s work that he wrote described the area and landscape of New England, one of which is â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. † The title, â€Å"St opping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† already gives a general idea of what the poem is describing in which the narrator is in the woods while it is snowing. What makes this poem so interesting is its many interpretations, its different perspectives and its eerie setting that is portrayed. As Frost describes the cold, snow-filled evening through intricate imagery (describing the New England winter nights), a question of why the narrator stops in the woods arises.He admired the dark, snowy, woods a lot which would imply that he enjoyed living in the North New England area and that he often looked around and took notice of his surroundings. Also, many would like to interpret the last two lines of the poem, â€Å"And miles to go before I sleep,† in various ways. It is emphasized by its repeated two lines in the last stanza and based on his personal life it could be metaphorical to after losing his wife that he must continue to live. It is hard to tell why Robert Frost wrote t his poem, because of the vagueness of the poem.Maybe it was about Frost visiting an old friend or acquaintance or even a close relative. The mysteriousness about the poem puts the reader in a sort of disequilibrium, to fathom why would someone stop in the woods on a snowy evening. William Shakespeare was a famous British writer and poet during the English Renaissance. This period took place from 1500 to 1660, right after the medieval period, known as the Dark Ages, where a â€Å"rebirth† transformation occurred (Alba). People had a thirst for learning, reading literature, and rt; many of the things were man centered, rather than being focused on God, taking a shift from religion to the ideas on humanity (Alba). Also, advances in medicine and the discovery of the human circulatory system came about (Alba). One of the most important things that came about during the English Renaissance was the invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg (Rahn). Through the pri nting press, literature was made very accessible to people, and encouraged reading and learning and an increase of different ideas to spread.As Rahn describes that it â€Å"maximized printing efficiency in a way that changed the world of arts, letters, and ideas forever. † It was timely and expensive to rewrite copies of different literature, which made it hard for people to get a hold of and read, but now that it was accessible, everyone felt encouraged to start reading, especially the fascinating works of Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was known for both his poems and his other literature and also known as a â€Å"word smith,† where he would make up words derived from different languages, to further describe something that was happening in any of his works (Alba).Shakespeare composed his sonnets between 1553 and 1601, and published in 1609, which consisted of 154 different sonnets written in Shakespearean (Academy of American Poets). The Shakespearean writing techn ique is written with three quatrains and a couplet, making it a fourteen line poem, called a sonnet (Alba). All the sonnets fell into two groups: sonnets 1 to 126 were written for â€Å"a beloved friend, a handsome and noble young man,† and 127 to 152 were addressed â€Å"to a malignant but fascinating ‘Dark Lady,’ whom the poet loves in spite of himself† (Academy of American Poets).This is interesting and yet mysterious, as Josh Rahn explains that, â€Å"very few details of the playwright’s life are known today. † What is known about Shakespeare is that he married Ann Hathaway at the age of eighteen and had two daughters (Academy of American Poets). One of the sonnets Shakespeare wrote, Sonnet 116 talks about what true love is in the eyes of Shakespeare. Since this is the one-hundredth and sixteenth sonnet, this poem was addressed to one of his beloved relatives.Maybe Shakespeare was a mentor to his relative and was trying to describe what l ove is to him or her and trying to encourage the relative to not give up on the power of love because it could be mistaken for something else. In the first stanza, Shakespeare first lets the reader know what love is not before he continues to what love is. He describes love to not be a marriage of two people, and change or fall when things happen. He continues on his second stanza where Shakespeare describes that, â€Å"It is an ever-fixed mark that looks on tempest and is never shaken† (Shakespeare).The â€Å"ever-fixed mark† that Shakespeare describes is the North Star, the only star in the sky that never moves when traveling; it was a great way for navigation, especially for naval exploration (Alba). During this time, naval exploration began, in which the Americas were discovered and Britain had the greatest navy at the time (Alba). Compared to the North Star, love is never changed and will always be there and will be the â€Å"star to ever wandering bark† (S hakespeare). He also capitalizes the word â€Å"time† in this case, also personifying it to provide emphasis and power to the word. Love’s not Time’s fool† simply relates to the fact that love is forever and that is not controlled by time and does not diminish over time. His last two lines of his sonnet portray his confidence in his own intellectual thoughts and ideas on love. If he was not right, then he never did write, which is not true at all. The Victorian Era (named after Queen Victoria in England) lasted from 1832 to 1901, ending immediately the death of the Queen (Alba). During that time, â€Å"Nearly every institution of society was shaken by rapid and unpredictable change† (Rahn).All of Europe’s nations economies increased and accelerated, the steam engine technology grew, leading to an increase in factory production, and a large income of wealth started the rise of the â€Å"middle class,† according to Josh Rahn on his writi ngs of the Victorian Era. Apart from the positive progress scientifically and economically, there were negatives that affected the demographic of Europe at that time. People were looking towards science and leaving their faith and religion (Alba).The theories of evolution and natural selection, according to Rahn, â€Å"brought humanity down to the level of an animal, and seemingly reduced the meaning of life to a bloody struggle for survival. † They had no need for a God in their lives and relied on their strength and wisdom alone. This led to both an increase in optimism and hope for the future, yet also for others, the downfall of human society and the loss of hope in the world. Matthew Arnold, who lived during the Victorian Era was the son of a clergyman and had religion in his whole life (Alba).He studied at Oxford University and eventually became a professor of poetry at Oxford through his â€Å"reputation as a poet† (Academy of American Poets). One of the things that Arnold struggled with in his writing was that his poetry reflected his problems with psychological isolation (Academy of American Poets). Although he was the son of a minister, he often had trouble with his own faith and â€Å"sought to establish the essential truth of Christianity† (Academy of American Poets).One of the most well known things that Matthew Arnold was known for was his critical essays which â€Å"established criticism as an art form, and has influenced almost every major English critic,† making him undoubtably encouraging with his writings (Academy of American Poets). During this era, he felt encouraged to write, â€Å"Dover Beach. † Dover Beach, located in England, is a vacation spot and a place for romantics with white cliffs that are made of salt with smooth, round rocks and pebbles that replace regular sand that would normally be on the beach (Alba).There are two perspectives as to why Matthew Arnold wrote this poem: that he was talking to a loved one to try to find something to hold on to while the world is dark and seemingly falling apart, or that he is trying to seduce a woman. Since he struggled with various problems in his personal life and the changes that had been occurring in Europe, he must have been trying to find something positive in his life to escape from the real world and focus on the present time. Arnold proclaims in his last stanza of his poem, â€Å"let us be true to one another!For the world, which seems to lie before us like a land of dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new, hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light† to try to keep an optimistic point of view in the darkness of everything around him (Arnold). The way that Arnold uses metaphors to compare the sea to the faith that used to be strong and shake the rocks back and forth now dies in the encompassment of the earthly things that darken the hopes and dreams and people with its â€Å"melancholy, long, withdrawing roar† (Arnold).Matthew Arnold was not trying to use crafty words to seduce a woman into bed with him, he was begging for a light of hope to beacon from this Dover Beach that seems to have lost its own light through the struggles, doubts and despair of others. Through these different poets and writers, people can get a clearer understanding of what it meant to live in various time periods, and the struggles and achievements that they went through and relate it to their poems and writings.Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, and Matthew Arnold affected the literary world through their writings and influenced others to express their lives through the art of poetry and other literature. As their works continue to live on, people will continue to be influenced by both their lives and poetry and hopefully shape their perception on life based on both their individual experiences, and the experiences expressed through these writers. Works Cited Academy of American Poets, 1997-2013. Web. 09 Feb. 201 3. Alba, Brandy. â€Å"Dover Beach† Lecture. Concordia University Texas. 30 Jan. 013. Lecture. Alba, Brandy. â€Å"Sonnet 116† Lecture. Concordia University Texas. 25 Jan. 2013. Lecture. Alba, Brandy. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† Lecture. Concordia University Texas. 01 Feb. 2013. Lecture. Arnold, Matthew. â€Å"Dover Beach†. The Victorian Web, 2002. Web. 10 Feb. 2013 Frost, Robert. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†. The Random House Book of Poetry,1983. Poetry Foundation 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. Rahn, Josh. The Literature Network. Jalic Inc. , 2011. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Sonnet 116†. Amanda Mabillard, 1999-2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2013.