Operations in hilti company Essay Example for Free

Operations in hilti company EssayYou are the manager of a firm ex neuter product X in a competitive securities industry. You consider writing a market report on X. Due to some stinting changes, on that point is significant emergence in the reward of doers. Please write a report about the expected effects on the market equilibrium bell and equilibrium beat of product X. the following points help you organize your report 1. Indicate the effect of this event on offer and / or on pauperization. 2. psychoanalyse what will happen to market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the short run. 3.If plights are expected to continue at high levels, analyse what will happen to market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the long run. The competitive market is one of the type of economic market structure. In a competitive market the price is determined through the forces of choose and supply. The following essay the effects of increase on wages on product pri ce, quantity traded, and the supply and demand. The demand is the want or need of the person with the willingness to purchase the good at a particular price. The demand is negatively correlated to price.As the price increases the quantity demanded decreases. The supply is the desire and willingness of the supplier to sell the product at a particular price. The downward lean curve represents demand. Supply is positively correlated to price. As the price increases the quantity supplied increases. Hence, the positive sloping curve represents supply. In the competitive market the point where demand and supply meets is the equilibrium point, which shows the equilibrium price and quantity traded. This is illustrated in the following graph. The increase in wages, increases the costs of the product.This then will decrease the supply obstetrical delivery a shift in the supply curve. The shift of the supply curve occurs when any factor except price changes bringing an effect on supply. The increase in cost of production will reduce the supply at level of the price because now it has become more than costly to produce the supply. The supply curve will shift towards left. The following diagram shows that the supply curve S1 has shifted to S2. This has increased the market equilibrium price in the short run from P1 to P2. The quantity traded has decreased from Q1 to Q2. Long?Run market supply curve. The short? run market supply curve is just the horizontal summation of all the unmarried firms supply curves. The long? run market supply curve is found by examining the responsiveness of short? run market supply to a change in market demand. As the wages will increase, in the long run the price will reduce and the quantity traded will increase because there will be more entrants into the market and the competition will reduce the price of the product. However, the profit levels will also decreases due to the increase in the wages. question 2 Youve been hired by a firm to d etermine whether it should shut down its operation. The firm currently uses 70 workers to produce ccc units of output per day. The casual wage (per worker) is $40, and the price of the firms output is $20. The cost of other variable inputs is $500 per day. The firms fixed cost is $3000 per day. You know that the borderline cost of the go unit is $30. 1. Calculate the firms daily losses 2. Should the firm continue to operate at a loss? Carefully relieve your answer. positive daily losses are the following DescriptionCost / Revenue Total cost Total daily sales 300 x 20 6000 Daily total wages 70 x 40 2800 Variable inputs 500 Fixed costs 3000 Total Cost 6300 Daily losses 300 According to the profit maximization theory, each unit sold, marginal profit (M? ) equals marginal receipts (MR) minus marginal cost (MC). Then, if marginal tax revenue is greater than marginal cost at some level of output, marginal profit is positive and thus a greater quantity should be produced, and if marg inal revenue is less than marginal cost, marginal profit is negative and a lesser quantity should be produced.At the output level at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost, marginal profit is zero and this quantity is the one that maximizes profit. In this case, the marginal profit is negative as according in competitive market marginal revenue is equal to price hence, it is $20 and marginal cost being $30, this equals to -$10. The company should not operate at a loss. Question 3 Given the entropy of the last question (2), the owner of the firm suggested that losses can be reduced by firing some workers.If you found that the marginal product of the 70th worker was 4units of output per day, do you agree with the owner to reduce employment in order to reduce losses? Please explain carefully. The marginal product of labour is the change in the output compared to the change in the number of labour. Hence, the 70th labour is producing 4 units per day according to the data given in the question. The marginal product of labour is 4. In order to determine the demand of labour, the look upon of marginal product will be calculated.The economic tax of marginal product should equal to price of the product which is the marginal revenue (MR) with the marginal product of labour (MRP). As long as a workers value of marginal product exceeds the wage, the worker is hired. But because the marginal product is diminishing, eventually so many workers will have been hired that the value of the marginal product of an additional worker would be less than the wage. At this point the hiring will stop. A firm hires labour up to the point at which the value of marginal product equals the wage rate.If the value of marginal product of labour exceeds the wage rate, a firm can increase its profit by employing more workers. This can be summed in the following way Where TR = total revenue Q = quantity MR x MPL = (? TR/? Q) x (? Q/? L) = ? TR/? L Hence, in this case the value of marginal product is MR X MPL = 20 x 4 = 80 Wage rate = ? TR/? L = 40 The company should continue to hire more labour as the marginal product will diminish which will eventually bring the marginal revenue product of labour down until the wage rate is equal to the marginal revenue product of labour.

Cultural studies of Organization communication Essay Example for Free

Cultural studies of Organization communication EssayAccording to Saran and K anyiny (2009), there be m any theories which explain the organisational behavior relative to changes in the constructions. Saran and Kalliny (2009, para. 4) continue to explain that there be many variables potentially affecting the implementation functioning including corporate culture issues, frequently(prenominal) as globeization, decentralization, functional differentiation, leaders, job satisfaction and job involvement and placemental dynamic issues, such as resources and communication. The review of literature approximately this topic focuses on these key areas by providing historical and contemporary issues that have been captured within the s grapple of this research. Communication is one of the most essential social occasions that an formation requires to prosper in any market especially during turbulent business environments. Dubrin (1997) was of the opinion that communication is a very important aspect that unites all systems of the cheek. Managers spend most of their time communication with different stakeholders to create an efficient flow of activities.Know takege care is very vital to managers since the efficient operation of any system of rules depends on how information is managed. The coarse term survival of any presidential term depends on the ability to manage information and knowledge for the efficient communication. People exchange, crop and use information through the system of knowledge management (Bakan et al, n. d. ). organisational structure defines the various divisions within an presidency and establishes a system of coordinating the various resources for the achievement of the goals and objectives.Decision make movement follows the structure of the organization to ensure all responsible individuals make the appropriate decisions. The managers create a system of collecting information and ideas from all stakeholders during the pr ocess of decision making to ensure all parties are included in the decisions of the organization. All the forces to the organization must be considered during the decision making process, that is, environmental forces, technological forces and the strategies being pick out by the organization.The restructuring process must ensure that the managers create systems which make maximum use of the resources available to the organization. The definition of tasks, allocation of different resources and the governance of resources as rise up as tasks should match the structure, goals and objectives of the organization. Organizational structure provides the systems to be followed during division of labor, when delegating authority and responsibilities, when establishing units of command, and the span of control. The structure of the organization defines the strategies to be adopted when delegating authority and responsibilities (Porter, 1985).The use of engine room is encouraged in develo ping organizational structures which match the needs of an organization. The use of information communication technology has increase as the need for efficiency in both private and public corporations intensifies. Technology helps throng learn almost the use of better knowledge about improving their systems. Good governance in organization requires the establishment of a clear organizational hierarchy to define the roles of each individual involved in the activities of the organization (Wade, 2002).The use of technology has been encouraged by many organizations to adjust the existing structures to fit new strategies that are required for cleansed performance. When new technologies are adopted, the management must introduce other structures to ensure their implementation takes place efficiently. The pot working in an organization need to be educated and persuaded about the new technologies being adopted by the organization to ensure they utilize them for the benefits of all stake holders (Evan Black, 1967).The technology must be relevant to the goals and objectives of the organization. The organizational factors must be well studied and analyzed to introduce a better system which is in line with all systems of the organization. Increase in technological revolution has attracted much attention especially due to the existence of scarce resources within the organization. Managers reshuffle the workers in their organization as well as creating other structures to ensure the organization adopts the new technologies being introduced (Rogers, 1995).Saran and Kalliny (2009) are of the opinion that implementing new technologies is complex and involves uncertainty. The uncertainty leads about conflicts between different stakeholders of the organization due to the new structures introduced. The uncertainty whitethorn create resistance from the people involved in the activities of the organization. The management must conduct adequate research about the best strategi es to implement the technologies to ensure minimal resistance emanates from the individuals working in the organization (Rogers, 1995).However, Gill (2003, pg. 316) identified that many organizations do not conduct adequate research before implementing their new technologies and this has led to low mastery rate, given the importance of the same in a very dynamic and ever changing business environment, where customers not only take away new products and services but also newness in the product offering. Implementing new technologies requires introducing changes within the structure of the organization and behavior change is essential to ensure all stakeholders readily accept the new ideas.Behavior change is difficult where there is uncertainty about the technologies to be adopted. This may hinder implementation of the innovations. Organizations take a longer period to adapt to new changes compared to individuals. Fariborz (1991) suggested that the revolution in technology being o bserved today requires organizations to integrate the variables of the organization with implementation strategies. He go along to explain that technologies are the main vehicles of change and that individual, organizational and environmental factors affect the implementation of many technologies and innovations.Accepting change is the basis of introducing new technologies within the organization (Saran Kalliny, 2009). For an organization to adapt to new technologies there is need to link the organization to the appropriate technologies which match the structures within the system. The innovations and technologies adapt to the organizational and industrial structures with time and the management must be patient enough to allow the new systems become incorporated into the processes of the organization (Van De Ven, 1986).There is a learning process involved in the adoption of new strategies. The old systems must be done away with to ensure the people do not revert to them. The cultu re of the organization should be adjusted to accommodate the new changes. Changing the culture requires changing the attitudes and values of the people involved in the activities of the organization. Changing the culture is not an easy thing and many people will become opposed to these strategies since there are gains and losses to many people when new systems are introduced.The culture of an organization defines the values, norms, and attitudes that people have. The management must create structures which match the culture of the organization. The culture determines the best strategies to be adopted by the people working in an organization. The managers have a responsibility to establish a culture which suits the needs of the workers and other stakeholders of the organization (Bridges, 1991). The implementation of innovations and technologies requires a process to ensure all the stakeholders respond to the new systems successfully.The process starts from acquiring knowledge about t he new systems, forming attitude about it, adopting or rejecting the new decisions, implementing and confirmation. Until the decisions are implemented, all activities prior to this involve mental processes. The installation of the ideas into sure sustainable process is the final stage which determines the success of the management to implement its strategies (Pierce and Delbecq, 1977). Corporate restructuring allows the managers bring changes within the organization to accommodate new and better structures which remediate the performance of an organization.The need to globalize domestic markets has forced many organizations to adopt better structures to create new market opportunities, overcome threats from organizations and diffuse models of business that restore to globalization. To mend the costs and revenue structures of the organization, managers have developed variety of objectives to ensure all aspects of management are captured (Jones, 2002). Formalization within the org anizational structure provides the procedures to be observed when conducting the various activities by the individuals working in the organization.Organizational hierarchy describes the jobs and the amount of freedom provided to the stakeholders of the organization (Cohn Turyn, 1980). For the effective adoption and implementation of new technologies, the formal structures must be followed when performing duties within the organization. All systems of the organization should be properly coordinated to ensure the implementation of the new ideas is successful (Kim, 1980). Formal procedures are introduced within the organization to reduce stress which may originate from confusion that occurs when systems are not properly coordinated.Formal structures provide the lower level employees of the organization with equal opportunities to avoid discretion in the allocation of duties and rewards. The planning process requires the management to create a properly coordinated system that will brin g about successful implementation of new technologies (Zaltman, Dun rotter Holbek, 1973). The use of communication is expressed in the organizational hierarchy where formal communication procedures are established. All people must adhere to the communication structures that the management has established for effective operation of activities.The organizational chart provides the flow of authority, information and other resources. The managers restructure the organizational structure as need arises and provide new roles to different individuals. Restructuring the organization requires creating a proper system so that all individuals can adjust accordingly (Bakan et al n. d. Porter, 1985). The global recession that affected all global economies in the world forced many organizations to adopt new strategies to improve their performance as well as ensure the corporate survival in the global markets.Many organizations have restructured their systems to adapt to the new changes brought about by the effects of the recession. To reduce the change magnitude costs of production, managers are adopting a downsizing strategy (Harman, 2009). The reduction in sales volume in the global markets provides managers with the decision to create better systems and structures which improve the image of the organization in the global markets (Dewar and Dutton, 1986). Hitt et al (1994) established that over the last two decades, many organizations have carried out extensive re-structuring process to cope with the changing global markets.The media and communications industry has been characterized by increasing competition in both local and global markets. Organizations need to restructure their activities to accommodate the changes in the global markets. Gregory (1999) provides that corporate downsizing has been implemented by a large number of American firms in an effort to become more flexible and reactive to increased competition. The strategy to down size many organizations h ave not been responsive to the strategy of reducing the costs of production. The impacts of downsizing upon the employees of these companies have been worse.Cases of stress among the stay employees have been reported by organizations which have used downsizing as a strategy to restructure their systems. Other negative impacts related to downsizing are reduction in career opportunities and reduction in the loyalty to the company by the employees. The loss of very important employees is another risk associated with downsizing organizations (Hitt et al 1994). Decentralization of authority is an important aspect when implementing better hierarchies which ensure the organization is successful in its efforts to create a better structure.Decentralization allows all members of the organization to participate in the decision making process. Employees are able to translate the decisions made by their managers into specific plans of actions. For effective communication, the management should i ntroduce a change system to ensure all members of the organization contribute towards the activities of the organization. Decentralization ensures that all decisions are implemented successfully by establishing different work centers where different individuals can contribute their ideas.Workers are ready to own decisions when they participate in the decision making as well as implementation process (Jones and Jennifer, 2003). Proper leadership strategies within the organization should be adopted when implementing the new technologies. leading refers to the ability of the management to influence the subordinates to contribute willingly to the goals of the organization. The managers should have the skills of influencing others to accept the new structures for the success of the organization.Managing change within the organization requires proper leadership skills so that the managers can influence their followers about developing new behaviors to adapt to the new systems of the org anization (Robbins, 1998). To ensure the employees accept the new technologies, the management should ensure the employees are satisfied in the jobs assigned to them. Job satisfaction creates the willingness to perform duties without being forced and motivates the employees to improve their performance (Herzberg, Mausner and Synderman, 1959).Functional differentiation allows the management to introduce better systems within the organization. Kimberly and Evansisko (1981, pg. 693) define functional differentiation as a process which represents the extent to which an organization is divided into different units, normally measured by the different number of units under the top management. The extent to which an organization differentiations its structures determines the success in implementing technologies. The communication process is made efficient by a high differentiation of the processes.The top management has the role of ensuring all employees comply with the established rules f or the efficient operation of the secern units of the organization (Baldridge and Burnham, 1975). To ensure employees are satisfied by the various duties assigned to them, the management should differentiate the organizations units and allocate jobs according to the skills and experience of the individual employees. The use of technology in different units should ensure that the subordinates are allocated the appropriate units to avoid conflicts (Ahls, 2001). Bibliography Ahls, B. , 2001. Organizational behavior A model for cultural change.Ind. Manage. , 43 6-9. Bakan, I. , Tasliyan, M, Buyukbese, T. , Eraslan, I. H Coskun, M (n. d. ). Organizational communications the role of information technology (it). Retrieved 5 June 2010 from http//www. iamot. org/conference/index. php/ocs/4/paper/view/624/127. Baldridge, J. and R. Burnham, (1975). Organizational innovation Individual, organizational and environmental impacts. Admin. Sci. Q. , 20 165-176. Bridges, W. , 1991. Managing Transi tions fashioning the Most of lurch. maiden Edn. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. , Massachusetts. Cohn, S. F. and R. M. Turyn, (1980).The structure of a firm and the adoption of process innovations. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. , 27 98-102. Dewar, R. D. and J. E. Dutton, (1986). The adoption of radical and incremental innovations An empirical analysis. Manage. Sci. , 32 1422-1433. Dubrin, A. J. (1997). Essentials of management, South-Western College Publishing, Ohio. Evan, W. M. and G. Black, (1967). Innovation in business organizations Some factors associated with success or failure of staff proposals. J. Business, 40 516-530. Fariborz, D. , (1991). Organizational innovation A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Acad. Manage. J. , 34 555-590.Gill, R. , (2003). Change management-or change leadership? J. Change Manage. , 3 307-318. Harman, Chris Zombie (2009). Capitalism Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx / London Bookmarks Publications. ISBN 9781905192 533 Herzberg, F. , B. Mausner and B. B. Synderman, (1959). The Motivation to Work. 1st Edn Wiley, New York. Hitt, Michael A. , Barbara W. Keats, Herbert F. Harback, and Robert D. Nixon (1994). Rightsizing Building and Maintaining Strategic Leadership and Long-Term Competitiveness, Organizational Dynamics, 232, 18-32 Gregory, Jannifer (1999). Encouraging Organizational Learning Through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing.emailprotectedgement, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 163-181. Jones, Marc T. (17 Apr 2002). Globalization and organizational restructuring A strategic perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review, Volume 44, Issue 3 (p 325-351). Jones, R. G. and M. G. Jennifer, 2003. Contemporary Management. 1st Edn. McGraw-Hill, Irwin, California. Kim, L. , 1980. Organizational innovation and structure. J. Business Res. , 8 225-245. Kimberly, J. R. and M. J. Evansisko, (1981). Organizational innovation The influence of individual, organizational and contextual factors on hospital adoptio n of technological and administrative innovations.Acad. Manage. J. , 24 689-713. Pierce, J. L. and A. L. Delbecq, (1977). Organization structure individual attitudes and innovation. Acad. Manage. Rev. , 2 27-37. Porter, M. E. , 1985. Competitive Advantage. 1st Edn. Free Press, New York. Robbins, S. P. , 1998. Organizational Behavior. 1st Edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rogers, E. M. , 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. 3rd Edn. , Free Press, New York. Saran, A. , L. Serviere M. Kalliny, (2009). Corporate culture, organizational dynamics and

Merger And Acquisition Joint Ventures

Merger And Acquisition Joint VenturesMergers and acquisitions (MAs) argon becoming a strategy of choice for organizations attempting to fend for a competitive advant days. This paper re surveys related literature to identify some underlying issues related to the success rate of MAs. It in like manner discusses critical issues of joint ventures and alike the problems and pull aheads of them. In addition, in that location has been an increased focus on the use of inter-firm relationships or strategic conjunctions in todays occupation. This paper also argues the factors which overtake to successful strategic alliances. When firms are dealing with negative earnings and/or economic downturns, useable restructuring and consolidation are initiated as a rescue tool. few firms recover, while the others fail to survive. Restructring and consolidation are the next issues which discuss generally.Introduction and BackgroundMergers and AcquisitionsAcquisitions and mergers are a natio nal as tumefy as globose trend. They occur everywhere in organizations, administrative units and personal line of credites in all industries and of all sizes. Many people are at stake and a great deal of m atomic payoff 53y as well (Balle, N. 2008). Mergers and acquisitions are becoming an increasingly popular strategic option for organizations (McEntire and Bentley, 1996). In fact, recent stimates assign that the annual price tag of mergers and acquisitions consummated in the regular army exceeds $1 trillion (Stanwick, 2000).Mergers are commonly characterized as the consolidation of 2 organizations into a single organization. Acquisitions, by contrast, are commonly characterized as the purchase of one organization from another where the buyer or acquirer principal(prenominal)tains control (Borys and Jemison, 1989).Mergers and acquisitions (MAs) have been a very popular strategic maneuver for global businesses, attaining growth, diversification, or favorableness (Fowler and Schmidt, 1988). In fact, the merger mania that started in the 1980s, continued throughout the 1990s and is still vigorous (Houghton et al., 2003).MAs are no intimacy but extreme forms of organizational dislodge, and change is often perceived by employees as threatening, due to their feeling of vulnerability and fear of losing security (Saunders and Thronhill, 2003). Under these circumstances, they have become increasingly master(prenominal) in helping to redefine employment relationships (Anderson and Schalk, 1998 Cartwright and Cooper, 1993 Guest, 1998 Herriot and Pemberton, 1995, 1996 Hiltrop, 1995 McLean Parks and Kidder, 1994 Turnley et al., 2003).Joint VenturesJoint ventures (JVs) occur when two or more than(prenominal) legally separate bodies form a together with owned entity in which they invest and engage in various decision making activities (Geringer, 1988 1991). A joint venture may be termed International (IJV) where at least one of the parties (or parents) is base d outside the country where the venture is taking place or if the joint venture is being administered on a long level in more than one country (Geringer and Hebert, 1989).JVs are now seen in terms of weaponry employed by companies within the context of their business net brings to facilitate competition in relation to firms core food markets and technologies (Beamish and Banks, 1987 Harrigan, 1987 Buckley and Casson, 1996) they are thus of vital strategic importance for international business and their signifi layaboutce is growing.It has been argued that various features of floriculture might require the development of joint ventures. In their article Swierczek and Hirsch (1994) concluded that it is important that future partners understand the impact of differences in culture forwards they demoralise to joint venture. They added that JVs are often characterized by problems of misunderstanding and limited effectiveness because of the lack of compatibility of the cultures repr esented in the joint ventures.Similarly Beamish and Inkpen (1995) found that MNEs could benefit lively well from emergenceal anesthetic market knowledge which their partners could provide. They also stated that the conduct cycles of many manufacturing subsidiaries are short because the MNE is unable to understand the knowledge of local anaesthetic culture, economy and politics.Strategic AlliancesA strategic alliance is an agreement surrounded by two or more partners to share knowledge or resources which could be safe to all parties involved. Strategic alliances can be as simple as two companies sharing their technological and/or marketing resources. In contrast, they can be highly complex, involving several companies, located in different countries. These firms may in turn be linked with other organizations in separate alliances. The outcome is a maze of intertwined companies which may be competing with each other in several product areas. (Niren M. Vyas, William L. Shelbur n and Dennis C. Rogers 1999).A few years ago strategic alliances were perceived as an option reserved only for incorporate giants. Today, however, for many companies, a go-it-alone strategy no longer seems to be a viable alternative. As a settlement of the maturation of several trends of the 1980s intensified foreign competition, shortened product cycles, soaring capital investment costs, and the evergrowing demand for bare-assed technologies alliances are becoming an showy strategy for the future (Niren M. Vyas, William L. Shelburn and Dennis C. Rogers 1999).Restructuring and ConsolidationIt is rare to find a single product company. Most have diversified their interests into related or unrelated areas. Some companies are known as restructuring companies, The latter acquire other companies essentially for the purpose of reorganizationing or streamlining and selling them off subsequently to other owners at a profit. Restructuring companies also have the function of aiding the p rocess of restructuring an industry (Proctor, T. 2001).Operational restructuring involves making decisions about appropriate workforce size and skill requirements, plant capacity and location, functions consolidation, and come-at-able shifts in output signal focus. More specifically, operational restructuring can be considered a program that is planned and controlled by management, and materially changes either the scope of a business undertaken by an enterprise or the manner in which the business is conducted (Lin and Lee and Gibbs, 2007).Focusing is on operational restructurings for two primary reasons. First, such events often affect a companys business strategies, operations, organizational functions, and constituteing management structures. Second, operational restructurings entail controversial corporate accounting practices of restructuring charges (Lin and Lee and Gibbs, 2007).Corporate consolidation is a topic of active debate among academics and practitioneres alike. Ac ademic reserches emphasis the importance role corporate consolidation childs play in disciplining under-performing management and imposing operating efficiences (Healy 1992 Jarrel et al., 1988), practitioners view it as a tool of market share expansion and an effective response to a plethora of competitive challenges (Read, 1999 Howell, 2002). In its most visible form, M As, corporate consolidation is a sizable business run in Europe by established national players operating, increasingly, on a cross-border basis (Berg, 2002).Merger and Acquisitionsseveral(prenominal) reoceanrchers have suggested that in most cases MAs fail to impinge on sign financial expectations (i.e. Bruner and Spekman, 1998 Haveman, 1992 Very and Schweiger, 2001 Zollo, 2003). Back in the 1980s, Lubatkin avered that although MAs had been a very important and popular centre for executing organizational strategies, less than 20 percent actually achieved its expected financial or strategic objectives. Almost a decade later, Cartwright and Cooper (1992) quoted approximately 40 per cent adversity rates for change efforts and a few years later, 1996, nearly 50 percent of MAs failure rate to achieve initial objectives. Along the same lines, Weber (1996) found that 35 per cent of those MAs that fail in their branch three years of life are a result of poor employee relations. Over the years, several researchers have raised that percent again, advocating that more than two-thirds of MAs fail to create meaningful shareholder value (Ashkenas et al., 1998 Carr et al., 2004 Marks and Mirvis, 1998).As for the master(prenominal) reasons for such failure rates, there is a dispute among researchers. Existing literature has identified among the main reasons for not fulfilling initial goals both hard and soft factors. Specifically, there are researchers suggesting that paying the wrong price, buying for the wrong reason, selecting the wrong partner, and buying at the wrong time are some of the most prominent ones (i.e. Armenakis, 1999 Haleblian, 1999). However, others insist that underestimation of depth of the problems related to the human factor during a M or A condemns the projects success, and thus, more attention has to be given on employees ask (i.e. Bijlsma-Frankema, 2001 De Cock and Rickards, 1996 Houghton et al., 2003 Lesowitz and Knauff, 2003 Seibert, 1995 Stahl et al., 2003).Focus on value creation, not just integrationMany companies organize their post-merger integration activities on a functional basis rather than a value-added basis. While many functional activities essential be consolidated (such as bringing databases together and rationalizing policies, procedures and IT systems), not all integration activities yield equal benefits. Blindly and aggressively integrating various functions and businesses without regard to a value-creating hierarchy can actually destroy value (Chanmugam, Shill, Mann, Ficery and Pursche, 2005).Use culture as a value-creation tool The most successful acquirers of the future will see culture as a tool in three ways. First, they will look at cultural differences during the target identification and bidding phases, assess the potential impact of those differences, and incorporate their analysis into the valuation and bid. Second, they will try to avoid the pitfalls common during pre- and post-merger mean, and actively incorporate the elements of each companys culture that best support the desired combination. Finally, they will proactively use culture to create value through the use of high-visibility retention, promotion, termination and morphological organizational design decisions (Chanmugam, Shill, Mann, Ficery and Pursche, 2005).Joint VenturesCritical Issues for IJVsAn IJV is defined as an equity sharing arrangement in which a foreign corporation and a local firm (either private or government owned) pool their resources, sharing risks and operational control to operate an individual business unit on a n onstop basis for profit and/or to attain some strategic objective (Geringer and Hebert, 1991).Broadly viewed, the IJV market entry mode represents two opposing trends. First, judged by the number of entries, it is becoming increasingly popular as a mode of market entry and expansion (Makino and Beamish, 1998 Vanhonacker and Pan, 1997). In recent years an increasing number of global corporations have become involved in IJVs at home and overseas, covering many sectors, industries, and product groups (Griffith, Zeybek and OBrien, 2001). The second issue relates to the fragile nature of IJVs, and it has been repeatedly argued that the failure rate or instability rate of IJVs is above thirty percent, and it is often markedly higher compared to other alternative forms of market entry and operation (Makino and Beamish, 1998). Gomes-Casseres (1989) offered two explanations for reasons of instability in any JV, arguing that the partners simply made a mistake forming a JV when it may not have been the best thing to do, or they joined up with the wrong partner. Further, that their initial decision was right, but conditions changed so that the JV was no longer useful (Cullen, Johnson, and Sakano, 1995).Problems with Joint VenturesSome of the main problems with Joint Ventures include Significant differences in the major goals of the parties, Details of the joint venture contract, The foreign corporations global integration and the local partners national orientation, Differences between the partners concerning marketing, believe for control, Transfer pricing conflicts, Conflict over decision making, managerial processes and style (Julian and OCass, 2003).Benefits of Joint VenturesJoint ventures provide companies with the opportunity to obtain new capacity and expertise. They waive companies to enter into related businesses or new geographic markets or obtain new technological knowledge. Joint ventures have a relatively short life span (5-7 years) and therefore do not re present a long-term inscription. In the era of divesture and consolidation, they offer a creative way for companies to exit from non-core businesses (companies can gradually separate a business from the rest of the organization, and ultimately, sell it to the other parent company (appr. 80% of all joint ventures end in a sale by one partner to the other) (Trafford and Proctor 2006).Succe of a Joint Venturesuccess of a joint venture may be influenced by five important characteristics. These characteristics are illustrated as building blocks in a model which Trafford and Proctor(2006), have termed the COPED model.COPED Model (Trafford and Proctor, 2006)CommunicationMany business alliances fail to meet expectations because little attention is given to nurturing the close working relationships and interpersonal connections that unite the partnering organisations (Weitz and Jap, 1995). An awareness of communication processes is essential within alliances if maximum efforts are to be or ganise and directed towards the success of strategic alliances. Ineffective communication can reduce the effectiveness of a strategic alliance and thus lead to conflict between partners (Jain, 1987).There is an assumption that organisations will function better if communication is open, if relationships are based on mutual understanding and trust, if relationships are co-operative rather than competitive, if people work together in teams, and if decisions are reached in a participative way. These conditions, however, are not observed in many organisational situations. Main barriers to communication concern are creator differences gender differences physical surroundings language and cultural diversity (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2001).OpennessTrust is considered a prerequisite for alliance success (Byrne, 1993) and lack of trust is a major reason for alliance failures (Peng and Shenkar, 2002). There is evidence to point to the fact that strategic alliances may be unstable and their su ccess rate poor (Gant, 1995). render firms need to manage this risk adequately by understanding the conjoint roles of trust and control. The establishment of a new relationship between members of the organisation at all levels a relationship based on trust is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to organisations (Handy, 1995).PlanningMany strategic alliances lack alliance strategies. A coherent alliance strategy has four elements (1) a business strategy to shape the logic and design of the alliance (2) a dynamic view to guide the management and evolution of the alliance (3) a portfolio approach to enable co-ordination among the alliance to enhance flexibility and (4) an internal infrastructure that supports and strives to maximise the value of orthogonal collaboration (Gomes-Casseres, 2000). When managed well, the above elements can create tremendous value. At the wrong time and when managed poorly, they can be costly distractions (Gomes-Casseres, 2000).According to Hill and Jones (2001), the strategic planning process can be broken down into five main steps (1) mission and objectives (2) environmental scanning (3) strategy formation (4) strategy instruction execution and (5) evaluation and control.EthosEthos is the characteristic spirit or attitudes of a community, or people (Webster, 1992). It comes very much to the fore in strategic alliances when the co-operating firms continue to be independent organisations and a new situation appears in which an interaction is established between two firms with different organisational cultures.This usually implies different leadership styles and different objectives, which may lead to lack of trust between the parties and to conflicts which may arise when the time comes to make decisions (Buono, 1991). Similarly, cultural conflicts are more common in joint ventures, where a finisher contact between the partners is required, than in contractual alliances (Schultz, 1998).DirectionThe public sector is und er pressure to improve service delivery and cooperate more efficaciously (Cabinet Office, 2003). There is a growing demand for leaders able to carry out these tasks, and to see through fundamental processes of change. The appointment, monitoring, reward and accountability structures and processes all play some part in inhibiting and/or encouraging certain forms of leadership which give the correct direction.Strategic AlliancesParkhe (1993) defined a strategic alliance as a relatively enduring interfirm co-operative agreement, involving flows and linkages that use resources and/or governance structures from autonomous organizations, for the joint accomplishment of individual goals linked to the corporate mission of each sponsoring firm. spare-time activity from this definition, it can be seen that an alliance must be a formal part of business strategy (Johnson, 1999), meaning that an agreement between two partners must be formalised into a contract, as opposed to a handshake deal or a verbal agreement. Second, alliances must be mutually serious that is, they must result in a win-win situation.Koza and Lewin (1998) argued that one of the many reasons that strategic alliances were formed was to seek out new knowledge by acquiring new technology and skills. In this type of alliance they argued that the partners would seek to reduce information asymmetry between the partners. This may involve the standardization of service delivery of production processes, joint strategic planning, sharing of databases and knowledge transferee through staff exchanges. A second and related motivation for forming an alliance was to explore for new market opportunities. This involved innovation, basic research, invention, risk taking, building new capabilities, entering new lines of business, and investments in the firms absorptive capacity.Barriers to successful Strategic AlliancesBarriers to successful strategic alliances must also be experienced. The three major barriers are (1 ) Failure to understand and adapt to new style of management. The adaptation of a new style of management requires a change in corporate culture which must be initiated and nurtured from the top. (2) Failure to learn and understand the cultural differences. Not only do the cultural differences exist among international firms seeking alliances, but corporate cultures may be different among firms from the same country. Flexibility and learning are the greatest tools in overcoming this barrier. (3) Lack of iron-clad commitment to succeed. Individuals who negotiated or implemented the initial alliance agreement may change due to promotions, transfers, retirement, or terminations. Continuity of total commitment for the alliance is needed at all levels in the organization without which the alliance will fail to reach its full potential (Vyas, Shelburn and Rogers, 1995).Importance of Knowledge in Strategic AlliancesInter-firm cooperative initiatives are one of the precious ways for firms t o identify, transfer and internalize external knowledge. Koguts review of literature addressing joint ventures found that one of the firms main motivations for entering into collaborative agreements was to transfer organizational knowledge (Kogut, 1988).Berg and Friedman, in a study of over 300 JVs at the 2-digit SIC level showed that in many cases, joint ventures did not in fact enhance the market power of the parent firm, but rather functioned as a means of knowledge acquisition (Berg and Friedman, 1981). Thus the issues of knowledge creation, knowledge transfer and learning have attracted researchers and have been examined several times in academic research and management consulting applied studies.Restructuring and ConsolidationWhy and how to structure an Ailing BusinessA number of typical situations that a firm with declining performance may encounter and could cause this firm to go through an operational restructuring are stated in this section.-Needs for operational restruc turingThe decision to restructure is driven by a number of considerations. At times, restructuring is in response to significant sea changes in the business environment while in other cases it is done to address poor operating/stock performance. Both internal (e.g. financial distress) and external (e.g. recessions) economic and financial conditions can drive the decision to restructure. Additionally, votes of no confidence in management will likely lead to corporate restructuring (Lin and Lee and Gibbs, 2007).-Typical activities of operational restructuring and consolidationRestructuring and consolidation efforts can take on a couple of forms. Often times management takes steps to contain costs, but in at other times drastic changes such as a refocusing of business direction occurs. For a firm that incurs losses, cost control is often the first step to return to profitability. Slashing labor costs, production costs, selling and administrative expenses, RD expenditures, and financing costs are common measures of corporate restructurings (Denis and Kruse, 2000). Downsizing and employee layoffs are the restructuring actions that are typically taken to cope with poor operating performance, especially within contracting economies(Lin and Lee and Gibbs, 2007).Other IssuesOperational restructuring and consolidation has been considered as one important turnaround strategy for a firm in a bad situation, especially during an economic recession. Lin and Lee and Gibbs (2007), stated that delisting risk increases when firms undertake repetitive restructurings, ample workforce reduction, and large-scale asset downsizing. Moreover, firms with high levels of debt and failure to cut costs and/or narrowing its focus on core competencies are also more likely to delist.ConclusionAs more and more companies opt to supplement organic growth with mergers and acquisitions, the earlier stages of MA transactions are becoming relatively mature, commoditized processes. According to Galpi n and Herndon (2008), in order to build replicable MA integration, MA integration must be managed as an end-to-end business process. MA integration is a competency set with specific skills that must be built throughout the organization. The organizations MA integration process and capabilities must be in place before the train leaves the station that is, before the deal gets done. The organizations MA integration process must be continually improved by learning from previous mistakes and successes.The researches indicate the existence of five helpful characteristics identified under the heading of Communication, Openness, Planning, Ethos and Direction, which may be present in a successful partnership (joint) venture. The COPED model, is for building more comprehensive and productive relationships between public sector organisations and private sector companies which lead them to a successful joint venture.Strategic alliances are in the age of business without boundaries. A strategi c objective aimed at expanding the competitive knowledge resource, and clearly there are special skills in bringing these arrangements to fruition. Professional managers recognize that in the age of business without boundaries it is essential that they provide learning opportunities and the necessary knowledge that will enable their employees to effectively and securely collaborate internally and externally. So there is a need for knowledge and learning regarding to strategicalliances (Dealtry, 2008).Operational restructuring has been considered as one important turnaround strategy for a firm in a bad situation, especially during an economic recession. Moreover, firms with high levels of debt and failure to cut costs and/or narrowing its focus on core competencies are also more likely to delist. So considering and learning about restructuring and consolidation is another important isuue to take account for managers.

Evaluating 74th Constitutional Amendment Act

Evaluating 74th Constitutional Amendment spellTwo sides of the same coin Evaluating 74th Constitutional Amendment ActAbstr impressTo strengthen the position of urban constitution in a more organized manner, the governance of India took a pivotal initiative through the en solvement of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act. In this paper I attempt to examine the post of 74th constitutional amendment in increasing the functionality, authority and efficiency of the urban local bodies, in terms of the powers rendered to the urban local bodies below the 74th constitutional amendment. I attempt to analyse the effective and efficient executeation of the 74th constitutional amendment by including a small case study of urban governance in the metropolis of Chandigarh, Punjab.IntroductionThe system of local service delivery through the means of local government bodies began with a Budget Speech by a process of viceroys council Samuel Laing, he proposed that local services should be based on local resources. Local governance bodies have been a reveal of Indian governance system since the British Era, the first Municipal association was set up in Madras in 1688 followed by Bombay and Calcutta. In the beginning local governance bodies were mere implementation instrument of conjure up governments activities notwithstanding since the introduction of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, there has been a change in this status quo.Since the ahead of time 1990s there has been a lot of initiative undertaken by the Government of India which were aimed at decentralisation of urban governance, this was the part of adoption of neo-liberal policies adopted by the government after facing tribulation of the carry-led organic evolution model, as for under this model the government kept its role secondary giving more importance to grocery oriented approaches. Under this step taken by the Government of India enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, was one such i nitiative, this gave constitutional recognition to urban local bodies and a constitutional right to exist. AnewTwelfthScheduletotheConstitutionprovidesrecommendedlistoflocalfunctions.Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, it requires the body politic governments of all the farmings to amend their respective municipal laws so as to increase the powers and authority of the urban local bodies, as quoting the line for the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act withsuchpowersandauthorityasmaybenecessarytoenablethemtofunctionasinstitutionsofselfgovernance.The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act provides a base to the invoke the ability to transfer certain responsibility and authority to the urban local bodies i.e. municipalities in order to provide a strong base for municipal local governance in cities, in this regard several state government has amended their state legislature in the same regard. Under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, it is mandatory to undertake the 74 th Constitutional Amendment Act and implement in the respective state legislatures. It is under the article 243ZE of the constitution which requires all the state governments to review the existing municipal laws and either repeal or change those which are inconsistent with the provision of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act within one year from the commencement of the Act.174th Constitutional Amendment Act in a nutshell Features and IssuesFeatures of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act74th Constitutional Amendment has been constituted in congruence with the idea of new public management. Under this concept the major role the state play is of withdrawing itself from directly influencing the market activities and let ingest and supply correct the course of market. One of the features of this concept is that the government breaks down the huge monolithic government beaurcracies, which refers to heavy decentralisation of responsibilities and authorities. harmonize to my understanding t he enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act is very much influenced by this characteristic of new public management. Before the enactment of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act the role of urban local bodies was merely of implementation of activities undertaken by state and national government.Constitutional status has been tending(p) to the urban local bodies under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, under which a three tier social organisation of the urban local bodies has been envisaged. Formation of Municipal Corporation for larger area with higher populations the example of this can be Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, and creation of municipal councils for smaller areas which includes towns like Upleta in Gujarat, and creation of village panchayats for villages that are in transitions to become towns.Under this amendment the governing members of the municipal stomach are existence elected by the people through an election in a similar way in which the members of the lok sabha are elected, the election is conducted, managed and set by the state election commission. This indicates that the democracy has established deep roots in the political system of the country.Under article 243Y, it makes it mandatory for every state to establish a state finance commission as it is defined by article 243I. The function of the state finance commission is advising the Governor of the state regarding the distribution of funds between state and municipalities which also includes the revenue generated from tolls, taxes and duties. The state finance commission also acts as a auditing organisation which scrutinises the employment of the finance to the urban local bodies.The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in its article 243ZD and 243ZE makes it mandatory to form military commission for district curriculumning in each district and committee for metropolitan planning in every metropolitan area. These committees endeavour to provide newer dimension for the ro le of citizens and its elected representatives in preparation of plans for their respective regions, infrastructure plan existence it most important component. It is sometimes that cities in the same districts share certain natural resources or problems like allocation of water, waste management which might create overlapping situations it is the function of committee for district planning to cater to such scenarios. Whereas committee for metropolitan planning caters to the increasing infrastructure and amenities demand in metropolitan cities due to expansion of its boundaries or population.Under this act the urban local bodies are endowed with responsibilities for formulation and implementation of schemes for economic and well-disposed development, the subjects for the same have been specified under the 12th schedule i.e. article 243W.Issues in the 74th Constitutional Amendment ActThe enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act marks a transformation in the role of urban local governing bodies in terms of the urban governing bodies being constitutionalised and substantial authorities being granted to them under the act regarding decision making to acquiring finance, but still certain questions remained unanswered.The first issue in implementation of the act is the identification and logical argument rural and urban areas. In states like Gujarat, West Bengal, Kerala, approximately two third of towns are non-municipal towns.2 Even though these towns in these states have higher preponderance of non-agricultural activities these town are non recognised as cities and are still under the status of villages, this is because under the status of villages the state government can assurance grant for implementation of projects for rural development like MNREGA, NREGA etc. while on the other hand if these area are classified as cites the states would not be able to sanction money for such developmental activities from the government and the state itself will be responsible to provide grants for further infrastructure development in these newly formed cities. The implication of this is that the local bodies lose out on better sources of finance. Therefore due to the vested interest of the members of the political structure of the state barriers are created in the implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act makes the urban local bodies responsible not only for mere implementation of the state directives, but also makes them responsible for carrying out activities for social and economic development under 18 subject mentioned under schedule 12 i.e. article 243W, but the act does not make it clear how the three tier bodies i.e. municipal flocks, municipal councils and nagar panchayats will work in synchrony in order to accomplish this tasks. The act leaves it to the discretion of the state to work out the arrangement in this regard.One of the objectives of enacting 74th Constitutional Amen dment Act was increasing people and private participation in urban planning, but due to public and private organisations being suspicious about the functioning of the urban local bodies, there has been no significant change in this regard.Case Study Implementation of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in ChandigarhI have adopted the following case study from an article by Deepak Sharma name as An Evaluation of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act A Case Study of Chandigarh, IndiaBackgroundChandigarh is a union territory and a joint capital of the state of Punjab and Haryana. With around 9, 00,000 population it is one of the fastest growing city. The municipal corporation of Chandigarh was formed in 1994 and its jurisdictional area is around 79.34 kms. The municipal corporation of Chandigarh came into being after passing of Punjab Municipal Corporation Law ordinance, 1994 under the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act, 1976.The functioning of the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation is done by formation of unlike committees that are allocated with different task for the governance of the city. The example committees under the Chandigarh municipal corporation are as followsWater Supply and Sewerage military commission roads CommitteeSlum Development CommitteeFire Services CommitteeEnvironment City Beautification CommitteeHouse Tax CommitteeFinance CommitteeContract CommitteeReport of findingsUnder the74th Constitutional Amendment Act, the urban local bodies is also been charged with activities of social and economic development for the empowerment of the citizen of the particular cities, but in Chandigarh there has been incongruence with the mandates of the act, where the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation has been partially endowed with such responsibility education and health and the Chandigarh administration maintains a monopoly, this lead to overlapping functions, and it is conceptually against what has been mandated in the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, the members of the urban local bodies have to be elected by the people of the city, this what has been implemented in the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation as well, but as the members of the municipal board belong to different political parties, there has been difference of opinion regarding decision making and implementation of project, which in turn delays or either sabotages the developmental or infrastructural initiative by the Chandigarh municipal corporation at times, here there has not been a failure of the act, but this is because of different political parties acting as per their own vested interest.The municipal corporation in Chandigarh faces issue of funds accumulation because of two reasons. The first being that the funding grants are in the hands of Chandigarh administration which at times end up either blocking or delaying transfer of funds to the Chandigarh municipal corporation and the second being the inefficient state finance com mission. Even if the funds are being allocated only a small fraction is employ in implementation of project as due to the layer of political agents that end up utilising funds from their own purposes.As mentioned above that the Chandigarh municipal corporation has been facing dearth of funds, one of the reason is that the municipal corporation has failed to recover tax arrears, majorly these tax arrears has been because there has been defaulters amongst liquor vendors and water tariffs. Thus this implies 1) there is an inappropriate record system in the Chandigarh municipal corporation leading to arrears as large as $112,375,0003, 2) extensive corruption.ConclusionFrom the information about the enactment, features, flaws of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, and by presenting the case study of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation, I finally conclude that the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act is apt in its spirit of empowerment and decentralisation of function and responsibilities to the urban local bodies, but there lies an issue with the effective implementation of the act. In this regard the blame can be given to the still existing beauracratic structure of governance in India leading to rent seeking and red-tapping, but along with this there has been lack of awareness and motivation amongst the public which are an equal part of the governance system.AppendixReferences1 condition Implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment and Integration of city planning and delivery functions.2 Adopted from article Features of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment3 Figure adopted from Article Evaluation of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act A Case Study of Chandigarh, India by Deepak Sharma

Climate Change Will Affect Invertebrates And Vertebrates Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Will Affect Invertebrates And Vertebrates Environmental Sciences Essay worldwide modality variegate is predicted to designer temperatures to increase by 1.4-5.8C by the year 2100. This all(prenominal)ow for probably feel a pro make impact upon many land animals. Here, four animal groups were selected for review amphibious aircrafts, insects, glacial bears and birds. Many species get out close probably move further north, where conditions depart be cooler. Changes in genteelness go out occur, with many species breeding earliest, as already show by amphibian and bird species. Higher temperatures ar presumable to benefit insects, causing higher(prenominal) metabolic rates and increasing their human activitys. Alternatively, a warmer future for polar bears doesnt front promising. With rapid loss of sea- glass, many individuals atomic number 18 suffering, as obtaining food is becoming increasingly difficult. Predicting the likely impacts of humour chang e is complex as distributively species will be affected variedly. Further research is needed to predict the impacts of rainfall patterns and extreme weather events upon the survival of land animals.Abstract 2Global climate change is well at a lower place way, with global nasty annual temperatures set to increase by 1.4-5.8C by the year 2100. This major surroundal change has the ability to influence both species distribution and extinction rates. Here, four animal taxa were selected for review amphibians, insects, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and birds. Northern distribution shifts argon likely to get increasingly common across all groups as species exploit new habitats and look cooler conditions. Phenological changes will take place such(prenominal) as preliminary breeding in amphibians and birds, though it is uncertain about what this will mean for their stickence. Climate-facilitated diseases whitethorn influence extinctions, such as Saprolegnia ferax, which sires f atality rate rate in amphibian embryos. Higher temperatures argon likely to benefit insects, causing an increase in flight-dependent activities. Alternatively, a warmer future for polar bears doesnt look promising. With rapid loss of sea-ice, the personify conditions of many individuals ar declining, and desperate foraging strategies such as brooknibalism piss been report. Predicting climate induced exertions is complex as responses will be specie-specific and potency evolutionary alterations need to be interpreted into account. Further research is needed to predict the impacts of precipitancy and extreme weather events upon the fitness of planetal species.1.0 Introduction farsighted term global climate change is currently at the forefront of scientific interest. Climatic variation is undoubtedly a internal process, but the proportionality of evidence available suggests that excessive human activity has been the dominant reason for the recently observed dramatic changes in climate (Telemeco et al, 2009). Records contract shown that since the 1970s, global mean annual temperatures have increased significantly, acclivitous by approximately 0.15C per decade (Beaumont and Hughes, 2002). It has been predicted that this trend will continue, and global mean annual temperatures be likely to have increased by 1.4-5.8 C by the year 2100 (op.cit). Some researchers believe that such temperature rises will be the largest anthropogenic disturbance ever situated upon natural ecosystems (Deutsch et al, 2008). Whilst this warming has received a great deal of attention, changes in precipitation patterns and the frequency of extreme weather events will accompany this temperature variation. These recently devised predictions are causing immense concern amongst scientists, beca uptake assuming that they are correct, the biodiversity across the globe will be altered significantly. Distribution, the geographical occurrence or range of an organism, is closely contr olled by climate, and therefore, it is anticipated that this will be nonably affected in numerous species (Pearson and Dawson, 2003). Studies have shown that global climate change has already taken effect and has been the cause of numerous distribution shifts observed in a variety of organisms during the past 30 eld (Thomas et al, 2004). A study carried out by handicap and Leberg (2006) found that distributions of North American bird species were moving significantly further north, most probably as a result of increasing temperatures. The extent to which animals respond to global climate change, whether it be through changing their distribution or reacting in others ways, will depend largely upon several factors. The first is the geographical localisation of function of the species and the second being the presence of particular biological traits. These traits are related to factors such as genetic make-up, ecology and life history stages, influencing an individuals vulnerabili ty to climate change. Specific traits include dependence upon a particular microhabitat, dispersal limitation receivable to geographical barriers and low genetic diversity (Foden et al, 2008).Therefore, not all species will respond in similar ways, even when exposed to the same climatic conditions, meaning that the persistence of some species will be threatened more than others. Extinction, due to climate change, will be the likely reality for some species, and it has been estimated that 15-37% of terrestrial species will be committed to extinction by the year 2050 (Thomas et al, 2004). search is currently very oft centred on trying to identify those most at risk and looking for potential ways to reduce predicted extinction rates. Though lots effort is being made, minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, is the single ultimate action which could save a vast number of species (op.cit). The publication of a growing number of studies regarding extincti on in relation to climate change is making humans increasingly aware of the vital actions that need to be taken in an attempt to conserve the earths biodiversity.1.1 AimsThe aim of this review is to evaluate how global climate change will affect the distribution and stead of both terrestrial vertebrate and invertebrate species. Status is quite a broad term but in context of biology and hence this review, it primarily refers to conservation placement examining how likely the animal is to become extinct in the future. Predicting the status of an organism is complicated and requires information regarding various aspects of its ecology, such as its habitat, foraging strategy and breeding behaviour. Research concerning a variety of animal groups will be examined, so that a wide range of potential effectuate across the animal state can be identified. Here, four taxonomic groupings have been selected for review, due to their high vulnerability to climate change and/or high environmenta l importance. These taxa are withal heavily represented in the available literature. The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) has been focused on due to its rapidly changing ice habitat. Insects and amphibians were selected mainly due to their poikilothermic nature and are therefore highly in the altogether to temperature. Finally birds were chosen due to their close association with climate, especially in migratory species. Although not any animal class has been reviewed, it is hoped that this literature review can provide a balanced evaluation with regards to an area of science which is causing both increased neighborly interest and concern at the present eon.2.0 AmphibiansIt is widely accepted that amphibian communitys are declining dramatically around the globe, with an estimated 43% of the total species currently in crepuscule (Lips et al, 2008). This has prompted a satisfactory number of studies, which have researched the possible factors responsible for amphibian reductions ( Corn, 2005). Though climate change as a cause was considered relatively understudied in 2003, it has since received an increasing amount of attention (Carey and Alexander, 2003). Amphibians are terrestrial ectotherms, having life history stages which are very much sensitive to both environmental temperature and precipitation (op.cit). This suggests that they should be highly vulnerable to climate change, but past records have shown that existing amphibians have descended from ancestors that were able to cope with climatic extremes and variability (op.cit). Nevertheless, it still the Great Compromiser highly important to disc everyplace if, and how these animals will be affected by global climate change in the future. Understanding links between amphibian distribution and climate change is congenital for their conservation, though relatively few studies have investigated this. Girardello et al (2010) undertook a study in an attempt to discover the likely implications of climate cha nge on the distribution of amphibians in Italy. It was confirmed that climate greatly affects species distribution and precipitation plays a crucial role in determine range shifts (op.cit). Negative predictions were made in that the distributions of many amphibian species could reduce considerably. Mediterranean species such as Rana temporaria and those found in mountain habitats are of a main concern, as it was found that their distributions could decrease, despite the fact they may well colonize new areas (op.cit). hotshot of the reasons for this is that many species in these particular locations are highly climate specialised (op.cit). Therefore, any small changes in climate could prove to be damaging in terms of their distributions. Distribution reductions are not but predicted for species in Italy but for those in other countries too. It is judge that the golden striped salamander (Chioglossa lusitanica), native to Spain and Portugal, will constrict its distribution between the years 2050 and 2080 (Corn, 2005). Research regarding 42 amphibian species throughout Europe produced somewhat more promising conclusions. It was found that temperature predictions for 2050 are not likely to be a major threat to this group of animals, and it was alike concluded that they can be judge to expand their distribution (Araujo et al, 2006). This is due to the fact that the warming of northern European areas will create new habitats, which species can exploit (op.cit). However, this will only be possible if the ability to disperse is unlimited. (Figure 1 illustrates the predicted species extinctions with no dispersal/unlimited dispersal in Italy). The involvements of factors which prevent or reduce dispersal, such as habitat loss, will only decrease range size, possibly contributing to amphibian population dec distribution channels in the future (op.cit).Figure 1 Projected amphibian species losses (no dispersal) and gains (unlimited dispersal) in Italy, Girardello et a l (2010).Unfortunately, it appears likely that during the time leading up to 2050, habitats will be further fragmented and destroyed. This does, however, assist current conservation, indicating that to aid the persistence of amphibian species both existing and potential habitats must be protected and managed in a way that will allow optimum dispersal. Given that the current conservation status of 32% of known amphibian species is either threatened or extinct, dread their relationship with climate change is vitally necessary (http//www.iucnredlist.org/ initiatives/ amphibians/ analysis). There are various ways in which a changing climate could affect the status of amphibian species, through both direct and indirect methods. For climate to have a direct negative effect, the levels of temperature, moisture and UVB (ultraviolet-b) radiation syndrome would need to exceed the deadly limit of a given species (Carey Alexander, 2003). Although recent studies have shown a correlation betwe en amphibian even offs and climate change, there has been forgetful evidence to suggest that amphibians have been subjected to lethal levels of environmental variables (op.cit Corn, 2005). There are a number of ways in which climate change could indirectly affect individuals. Successful breeding is essential to ensure the survival of any species. It has been suggested that climate change could interfere with reproduction by causing breeding to occur earlier. Tryjanowski et al (2003) found that the first spawning dates of R.temporaria and Bufo bufo shifted 8-9 days earlier between 1978 and 2002 correlating with warmer spring temperatures. This could be both detrimental and beneficial. It may provide more time for growth whilst reducing exposure to UVB radiation (Corn, 2005). On the other hand, it could also cause exposure to extreme spring temperatures (op.cit). Whilst some studies have shown significant trends towards earlier breeding, there have also been a similar proportion of findings concluding that climate has no influence upon breeding time (op.cit). Disease has been positively identified as a major cause for amphibian declines, and climate change could potentially facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, causing species to become more susceptible (Lips et al, 2008). Chytridiomycosis is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and has been responsible for amphibian extinctions (Carey and Alexander, 2003). However, Lips et al (2008) found no evidence that climate change is the cause behind outbreaks of this disease. The chytrid fungus most likely prefers cooler temperatures and requires an aquatic environment for transmission (Corn, 2005). Therefore, the current trend towards a drier, warmer climate is not likely to encourage outbreaks of this disease (op.cit). A second fungus, Saprolegnia ferax, has been reported to cause mortality in particular amphibian species. Bufo boreas appears to only be susceptible to this pathogen in the presence of UVB radiation. Kiesecker et al (2001) concluded that low levels of precipitation during El Nio southern oscillation years caused the embryos of B.boreas to develop in shallower weewee. This in turn exposed them to extreme UVB radiation and as a number, the fungus caused mortality (op.cit). Although the association between current amphibian declines and climate remains uncertain, future climate change will inevitably provide serious challenges for amphibians. Whilst many of these challenges can be scientifically predicted, predicting how species will react proves to be more complex. Unfortunately, only time will tell which species will survive and which species will fail to persist under the pressure of a rapidly change global climate.3.0 InsectsInsects are the most abundant group of animals on the planet, making up two thirds of all described extant animal species (Stange and Ayres, 2010). Like amphibians, insects are ectothermic so are also strongly in fluenced by external temperature and other climatic factors. They are extremely important within natural ecosystems due to their position at the bottom of the food chain, and play vital roles in processes such as buncombe and pollination. Insects also have economic involvements, with some species acting as pests and vectors of diseases. Therefore, research focusing on how insects respond to climate change is beneficial for both the natural environment and human economy. Since the 1990s many studies regarding insects in connection to climate change have been carried out (Musolin, 2007). It is expected to exert powerful effects upon abundance, physiology and distribution, with effects becoming more prominent as the severity of climate change increases (Stange and Ayres, 2010). A change in the distribution of insects has been one of the most frequently reported responses (Musolin, 2007). Those species living in northern temperate regions appear to be expanding their range northwards or moving to higher altitudes (Maes et al, 2010). Such shifts in distribution have been recorded in a vast number of species. In the year 2000, the distribution of the Confederate green stink bug (Nezara viridula) in Japan was found to have moved 70km further north of that recorded in the early 1960s (op.cit). Other Heteroptera species, such as those living in Southern Europe, have been recently discovered in the north, probably as a result of climatic variation (op.cit). In Britain, species of Orthoptera have also protracted their range. The unusually warm summers of 1989/1990 caused the distribution of the long winged conehead (Conocephalus discolor) in north-western Europe to progress north and east (Cannon, 1998). The distribution of Lepidoptera has been well documented, owing to this groups high birth rate and dispersal ability, allowing distribution to be followed over a relatively short time period (Roy and Sparks, 2000). Observations of Lepidoptera species have been carri ed out for over 20 years in Finland and prominent northern range expansions have been recorded (Stange and Ayres, 2010). With many distribution shifts having already occurred, it is relatively easy to predict how a warmer future will affect present insect distributions. Range expansion towards the poles is most likely to become increasingly common, as insects seek out new habitats. A change in geographical distribution is just one way in which climate change has influenced, and will continue to influence, insects. A broad range of spare climate change induced effects, revealed through recent studies, will most likely impact upon the future survival and fitness of many species. High temperature reduces the time that is needed for insects to raise their body temperature to the flight activity threshold (Beaumont and Hughes, 2002). As an outcome of this, there may be an increase in activities that rely upon flight, such as mate location and egg laying (op.cit). As a result, many of th e predicted impacts upon butterfly species have been positive. However, other aspects of climate change, such as drought, may have undesired effects. Prolonged arid conditions can have a negative impact upon host plant growth and egg survival (Roy and Sparks, 2000). One of the most recognized changes observed in butterflies is advancement in their first appearance (op.cit). This has been observed in most British butterfly species, showing a strong correlation with elevated temperatures. It has been predicted that per 1C temperature increase, the first appearance of butterflies could advance by 2-10 days (op.cit). Advances in appearance have also been demonstrated in other insect groups. One month advancement in the spring appearance of Heteroptera species was found in Japan, and was also a issuance of soaring temperatures (Musolin, 2007). Other responses noted in insects include behavioural responses in Heteroptera, though they havent been frequently discovered. In Italy, a large n umber of seed bugs entered urban buildings during the summer. Apparently, this was done in an attempt to escape the harsh high summer temperatures and to find more suitable conditions for aestivation (op.cit). The diversities of dragonfly, butterfly and grasshopper species are expected to decrease in Belgium, if the predicted climate scenarios for 2100 are correct (Maes, 2010). Mortality can be one of the direct consequences of temperature as insects have specie-specific upper and lower temperature limits. In peacock (Inachis io) and comma (Polygonia c-album) butterflies, the proportions of individuals r apieceing adulthood differed dramatically with varying temperature (Bryant et al, 1997). 60% survived at 15-30C, 0% at 9C and 20-40% at 34C (op.cit). Whilst such implications of global climate change are worrying, there may be some potential benefits. Metabolic rate is expected to double with each 10C increase and mortality due to cold temperatures during the winter many reduce (Sta nge and Ayres, 2010). An increase in insect abundance is most seeming and can be supported by recent outbreaks such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in Central Europe (Cannon, 1998). The extent to which insects are susceptible to extinction will depend partly upon their geographical location. Those inhabiting the tropics are likely to be most at risk as they are highly sensitive to temperature and are already living fairly close to their upper thermal limits (Deutsch et al, 2008). Population growth rates in the tropics are predicted to decrease by up to 20%, further reducing fitness (op.cit). Biological traits which will cause species to have a greater extinction risk include reduce dispersal ability and low temperature tolerance. (op.cit). Most species which possess such characteristics inhabit low latitude areas. Unfortunately, whilst tropical areas are the most vulnerable, they are also the separate of the world which harbour the greatest biodiversity. In comparison, those insects in mid-high latitude areas are expected to experience increased population growth rates (op.cit). At higher latitudes, organisms are living at temperatures that are cooler than their optimum temperatures, so global warming could potentially enhance their fitness (op.cit). It can be seen that much effort has been made in an attempt to understand the links between insects and global climate change, and research will continue to try and establish which species are of greatest conservation concern. However, a key consideration which will play a role in extinctions is the extent to which species will be able to adapt (Cannon, 1998). Unfortunately, this is tremendously complicated to predict and as a result, many studies often overlook, or some have even exaggerated potential evolutionary adaptations. During the quad period, large-scale fluctuations in climate occurred, but the insect fossil record provides no evidence for large-scale evolutionary change during this time (op.cit) . Many studies have also focused heavily upon temperature effects and have poorly investigated how rainfall and moisture could impact insects. However, this is mainly due to lack of information, as making predictions about rainfall patterns is relatively difficult. It can be expected that climate change will increase the abundance and distribution of the majority of insects but it must be remembered that responses will be specie-specific and care must be taken to avoid over-generalising predicted responses. Effort must be made to enhance our understandings, whilst aiming to fill current gaps in knowledge.4.0 Polar BearsThe polar bear is often regarded as a devil dog mammal. Although this animal is quite efficient at exploiting marine habitats, it cannot survive within marine waters. Therefore this large predator can be more appropriately referred to as a terrestrial mammal as it lacks the specific adaptations possessed by true marine mammals such seals. Arctic sea-ice is critical t o the survival of polar bears, as they depend upon it for numerous aspects of their ecology (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). It acts as a substrate on which to make long distance movements, provides access to maternal denning areas and is a platform for mating (op.cit). Most importantly, the ice allows polar bears to hunt and feed upon their primary run ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) (Regehr et al, 2010). Therefore, changes to sea-ice habitat are expected to have a dramatic impact upon the survival and reproduction of individuals, ultimately affecting the status of the polar bear as a species. With global climate change well underway, changes to arctic ice have already been documented. Since 1978, 14% of the total amount of ice cover has already been lost (Derocher et al, 2004). Thinning of ice is occurring and sea ice is breaking earlier in the year and freezing later. It has been speculated that in as little as 100 years, the arctic ice cap may disappear completely (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). Numerous studies have demonstrated how changes in sea-ice, undoubtedly influenced by rising global temperatures, are causing polar bears to suffer as a result. Polar bears prefer to hunt on ice which lies over the continental shelf, as the waters here are more rich than arctic basin waters (Regeher et al, 2010). Therefore, long-acting ice free periods over this area could lead to decreased foraging success and in turn could impact survival and reproduction. Between 2001 and 2005, declines in polar bear survival were observed (op.cit). This observation was linked to longer ice free periods over the continental shelf. It forced individuals to spend more time hunting on ice situated over less productive waters and caused some to seek alternative prey on land (Stirling and Parkinson, 2006). In western Hudson Bay, Canada, the sea-ice now melts completely each year, giving polar bears no other choice but to spend a proportion of the y ear ashore (Regehr et al, 2010). Individuals on land suffer food shortages. Ice free periods in 2004 and 2005 were associated with rare behaviour (op.cit). There were incidences of cannibalism and even starvation, indicating the severity of food unavailability (op.cit). In addition, living on land increases the exposure to humans, further enhancing their risk (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). Research concerning female polar bears has produced somewhat disturbing conclusions. Not only are the weights of females decreasing (figure 2), reducing cub survival and reproduction rates, but it is expected that within 100 years most females in Western Hudson Bay will be unable to reach the minimum body mass required to merchantman viable offspring (Derocher et al, 2004).Figure 2 Mean estimated mass of lone (and thus possibly pregnant) adult female polar bears in Western Hudson Bay,1980-2004 (dashed line indicates fit of linear regression), (Sterling and Parkinson, 2006).Thinning of ice is also occurring due to climate change. Thinner ice moves more quickly which could mean that polar bears need to use more energy to stay in contact with their preferred habitats (Derocher et al, 2004). Ice of reduced thickness also breaks up more easily. It has been shown that polar bears completely chuck out ice and move to land when the concentration of ice drops below 50% (Derocher et al, 2004). This is most probably due to the increased costs of locomotion which are associated with base on balls over fragmented ice (op.cit). Considering that ice is required for long-distance movements, changes in ice may influence the distribution of polar bears. Large areas of open water due to lack of ice in addition to strong currents, may function as barriers, preventing the movement of polar bears, as implicated in South-eastern Baffin Island and east Beaufort Sea (Sterling and Derocher, 1993). Through the assessment of a variety of studies, it can be seen that the future for polar bears within the midst of climate change does not look hopeful. They are highly specialised mammals, are already listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act and their habitat is declining rapidly (Derocher, 2010). The population most at risk is that in Beaufort Sea, as it is experiencing severe nutritional stress. Drastic declines for this population are predicted and it may even vanish by the end of the ampere-second (Hunter, 2010). However, research has shown that there is still time to avoid such a scenario, providing effort is made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This indicates that the future of this species lies solely in the hands of policy makers, who have the supremacy to implement the nesseccary changes needed for not only the preservation of this species, but for many more too.5.0 BirdsLocal variation in climate has long been recognised as an important factor affecting birds, but addressing how they will cope with long-term global climate change has only recently be en attempted (Crick, 2004). Migratory birds have been of great interest, and this isnt surprising, considering that regular long-distance flights enable individuals to exploit various climates in different locations around the globe. Warmer winters are predicted to cause a slight increase in the number of short-distance migrant and resident bird species, whilst there will be a strong decline in the number of long-distance migrants (Lemoine and Bohning-Gaese, 2003). This will likely be due to the increased competition resulting from resident bird species benefiting from the warmer conditions (op.cit). Migratory birds are also thought to be affected by mistime, a result of climate change. This is when birds fail to breed at the time when their main food supply is most abundant (Both et al, 2006). A study concerning the long-distance migratory pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) showed that populations declined by 90% in 20 years as a consequence of this (op.cit). However, on a more positive note, it has been suggested that migratory birds are faced with a lower extinction risk that sedentary species, due to their high mobility (Sekercioglu et al, 2008). With the depend of an intermediate climate change scenario (surface warming of 2.8C), it can be expected that 5% of sedentary species will become extinct, compared to 1% of long-distance migrants (op.cit). Global climate change appears to be causing birds to lay their eggs earlier. Data derived from the British Trust of Ornithology Nest Record Scheme revealed that 51 UK species showed trends towards earlier laying over a 25 year period (Crick, 2004). These trends were apparent throughout a variety of bird groupings including seed eaters, corvids and water birds (op.cit). The pied flycatcher exhibited an increase in egg and clutch size when eggs were laid earlier, indicating that warmer temperatures may be advantageous (op.cit). By the year 2080, it has been estimated that laying dates will be earlier for 75% o f bird species (Crick and Sparks, 1999). This is a positive prediction as the advancement of laying dates suggests that birds are coping with temperature rises (Both et al, 2004). It may also mean that the incidence of mistiming may be reduced as the timing of hatching will be brought closer to that of peak food supply. In terms of distribution, elevational distribution shifts are probable. Pounds et al (1999) studied the mountain cloud forests of Costa Rica. It was shown that global warming had caused the average altitude at the base of the orographic cloud base to rise. This resulted in the village of previously cloud forest areas by birds from lower altitudes (Crick, 2004). There are concerns that such changes could have a detrimental impact upon some species. Through manakin in the UK it has been suggested that species such as the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) may contract their range or even vanish from current breeding areas in the craggy zones of the Grampians, Scotla nd (op.cit). Sekercioglu et al (2008) undertook a study to discover the impact of elevational limitations on the extinction risk of land birds (87% of all bird species). It was found that limitations in elevation in truth accounted for 97% of the probability of a species being in a World Conservation Union category of extinction risk (op.cit). Using a poseur that combined elevational limitations and four habitat loss scenarios, it was predicted that 400-550 avian land species will be extinct and a further 2150 will be at risk, under an intermediate climate change scenario for 2100 (Figure 3 and Figure 4).Figure 3 The number of world landbird species estimated to be extinct by 2100, on the basis of different surface warming estimates, three possible shifts in lower elevational limit and four Millennium Assessment habitat change scenarios (Sekercioglu et al, 2008).Figure 4 The number of world landbird species estimated to be at risk of extinction (near threatened or threatened) by 21 00, on the basis of different surface warming estimates, three possible shifts in lower elevational limit and four Millennium Assessment habitat change scenarios (Sekercioglu et al, 2008).6.0 ConclusionAlthough most responses to global climate change are expected to be specie-specific, potential distributional changes appear to be quite uniform. Northern distribution shifts are likely to become increasingly common as species seek cooler climates. Elevational distributional changes will also occur, though elevational limitations in birds may increase their extinction risk. Impacts may range from phenological changes such as earlier breeding, to mortality resulting from temperatures exceeding thermal limits. Insects could potentia

Siddhartha :: essays research papers

&9Religion plays a large part in everyones life. In Herman Hesses epic story Siddhartha the aspect of religion is taken apart and looked at from nearly every possible angle. There are many primeval concepts revolving around the main theme of religion, provided three which seem to me to be the most important and powerful are the inclinations of control of self and soul that noesis can be communicated, but not wisdom and the closely related ideas that time is not real and The Oneness of each(prenominal) Experience.&9In Siddhartha the idea of Control of Self and Soul is very important, not only to religion but in the gaining of knowledge and wisdom. Once a woman tempts Siddhartha to make revere with her, but he hardens his soul and moves on. Shortly thereafter he finds the courtesan Kamala who captivates him and with whom he later learns the art of love. He is then glad that he resisted temptation. Siddhartha becomes well-to-do so that he may experience all of life, and when he becomes nauseous with the pointlessness of his wealthy life and tries to commit suicide, he stops himself and thinks about what he is doing. He soon realizes the folly of his action and starts his life anew. Siddhartha believes that anything can be overcome if one will control himself. he expresses this to Kamala one day, saying " nonentity is caused by demons there are no demons. Everyone can perform magic, everyone can reach his goal, if he can think, wait and fast." I agree with Siddharthas thinking. All problems can be solved, you just have to know how to do it.&9The second concept in Siddhartha is the idea that knowledge can be communicated, but not wisdom. Siddhartha believes this very strongly, and feels it is only right that one must gain wisdom for himself. When he and Govinda come to the garden of the Buddha and listen to Gotomas words, Govinda is immediately reborn and stays. Siddhartha, however, does not. He respects Gotoma and believes that he has actually reac hed Nirvana, but Siddhartha does not believe that Gotoma can teach him to reach it. Later Siddhartha finds himself at a river, having run forth from his riches. Here he sees another wise man, Vasudeva, the ferryman. He stays at the river and learns wisdom for himself. Siddhartha learns of the wonders of life, and that what he had always held to be true was true that wisdom is not teachable.

The Feelings Of Falling In Love :: essays research papers fc

The Feelings of F eaching in Love     What is Love? Is it fondness? Is it intimacy? Is it attachment?Love, in fact, is all of these things combined together. "Love is spiritual,not physical. It is a union of souls and hearts and minds, not something youcant put under your microscope and understand" Love is an emotion combinedwith a serial of feelings.     These feelings can be immensely powerful andwonderful. Romantic discern is defined to be an intense emotional convey that oneperson experiences in sex act to another. These types of feelings appear tobe among the most intense that most of us be capable of, and at least in somecases, grow rather than descend with time. Falling in love can be one of themost unexplainable feelings a person can endure.     There are two sets of feelings that are the basis of modern romanticrelationships. The first is attraction. Attraction is the excitement you feelwhen falling in love. To better explain this feeling, attraction is what youfeel when you have met someone new who really excites you and you begin to feelaroused when thinking about this person. Although this sounds very sexual, thisfeeling is just the first of what will most likely compose a sexual passion.When in this first posit of attraction, your body feels different - more bouncy,more energetic, and in need of less food and sleep. When in this state ofattraction, one feels very happy and different every time that they are withthis person. Frequently the presence (or sometimes merely thought) of theloved one can pull specific physiological reactions. These physiologicalreactions include erections for the male, wetness for the female, a lump inthe throat, sweaty palms, weak knees, cold feet, a pounding heart. dizziness,and butterflies in the stomach. These physiological reations are in allnormal when falling in love.     The second type of feeling that one endures w hen falling in love isattachment. Attachment is a bond or a special tie between people that areattracted to one another. Attachment helps keep people together and has more todo with feelings of security than of excitement. Romantic love requiresattraction plus attachment. Someone can be very strongly attracted to anotherperson but never become attached. Without some feeling of attachment,attraction is nonspecific. Once you have begun to fall in love with someone,this process becomes more and more important and you begin to feel more attachedto this person. When in this state of attachment, each person would feel as ifthey are one person combined together. A special bond is shared and a sense of