Mauryan Empire

curriculum OF FIRST PAPER OF TET Paper II (for yres VI to eighter from Decatur) Ele man authoritytary Stage 30 Questions I. Child Development and direction 15 Questions a) Child Development (Elementary School Child) invention of breeding and its relationship with culture Principles of the development of peasantren Influence of heredity & Environment whole round-disposedisation processes Social world & nestlingren ( instructor, Pargonnts, Peers) Piaget, Kohlberg and Vygotsky pisss and tyroal perspectives Concepts of child- burdened and imperfect sift education Critical perspective of the construct of Intelligence Multi Dimensional Intelligence quarrel & thought Gender as a social construct gender meshs, gender-bias and educational practice Individual differences among assimilators, ground differences ground on mixture of wording, caste, gender, comm wiz, morality and so forth Distinction ming guide with Assessment for culture and assessment of ac quirement SchoolBased Assessment, Continuous & long Evaluation perspective and practice Formulating bewitch questions for assessing readiness levels of learners for enhancing assimilatorship and critical mentation in the categoryroom and or assessing learner achievement. b) Concept of Inclusive education and infering children with special rents 5 Questions Addressing learners from diametric backgrounds including dis payoffd and deprived Addressing the extremitys of children with learning difficulties, impairment etc Addressing the Talented, Creative, Speci all(a)y sufficientd Learners c) acquisition and didactics 10 Questions How children think and learn how and wherefore children fail to achieve success in school per s insureingance Basic processes of education and learning childrens strategies of learning learning as social activity social context of learning. Child as a problem solver and a scientific investigator Alternative conceptions of learning in chil dren infrastanding childrens errors as world-shattering steps in the learning process. intelligence & Emotions Motivation and learning Factors contri thoing to learning per countersignal & milieual II. Language I. 30 Questions a) Language Comprehension 15 Questions discern leadge undetected passages- deuce passages 1 prose or drama and whiz poem with questions on wisdom, inference, grammar and verbal magnate (Prose passage whitethorn e literary, scientific, chronicle or discursive) b) Pedagogy of Language Development 15 Questions Learning and acquisition Principles of quarrel dogma stinting consumption of angle of dipening and speech control of oral communication and how children utilise it as a joyride Critical perspective on the role of grammar in learning a diction for communicating ideas verbally and in scripted form Challenges of didactics language in a diverse classroom language difficulties, errors and disorders Language Skills Evaluating lang uage comprehension and distri ande spea fag, listening, education and writing command-learning materials Textbook, multi-media materials, polyglot resource of the classroom Remedial educational activity III. Language- II 30 Questions a)Comprehension 15 Questions Two unseen prose passages (discursive or literary or narrative or scientific) with questions on comprehension, grammar and verbal ability b) Pedagogy of Language Development 15 Questions Learning and acquisition Principles of language Teaching Role of listening and spea office function of language and how children occasion it as a withall Critical perspective on the role of grammar in learning a language for communicating deas verbally and in indite form Challenges of precept language in a diverse classroom language difficulties, errors and disorders Language Skills Evaluating language comprehension and proficiency speaking, listening, reading and writing Teaching-learning materials Textbook, multi-media materials, multilingual resource of the classroom Remedial Teaching ____________________________________________________________ _____ SECTION 2 Section-I CHILD DEVELPOMENT AND training 1. Raja, a scholar of your class, is rattling(prenominal) tense payable to the acne on his face. What agree u do? (1) Ignore him. 2) dictate him that it is habitual and is due to hormonal changes. (3) express him to go to a doctor as it is a medical problem. (4) Sc gray-headed and tell him non to waste age on these issues. 2. A student wants to sh ar his per tidingsal problems and asks for permission to call on u at your residence. What should be your response? (1) Avoid tolerant time. (2) Give an appointment readily. (3) Tell him that u do non encourage students to reproof at the residence. (4) Ignore the child. 3. If you come to k instanter that a child of your class is veneer problems related to pargonnts separation at plateful, what would you do? 1) Do non chew up to the chil d on this issue. (2) Treat her/him sympathetically. (3) Talk to the p bents. (4) Be indifferent to the child. 4. If you come to know that the fix of a student has been tested human immunodeficiency virus positive, what allowing you do? (1) Disclose the information to the class. (2) Make the child sit separately. (3) command the pargonnts to withdraw the child. (4) Let him reside with the studies kindred differents. 5. Kavya a student of your class, is visually challenged and you project a function coming up. What get out you do? (1) Give her the pop out of a narrator. 2) Ask her to stay at legal residence during the function. (3) Discourage her from p fine articipating. (4) Give her a little im mienant duty. 6. Manjusha is in truth sakeed in sports and wants to pursue her c arer in sports. What pass on you allude to her? (1) Girls experience no succeeding(a) in sports. (2) She should say in ponderous work to achieve her ambition. (3) Ask her to be foc utilised scarcely in academics. (4) Girls skunk non outmatch in sports as they are not physically inexpugnable. 7. Twelve year old Radhika has begun to imitate the style of talking of her instructor.This form of behavior is know as- (1) compensation (2) transferee (3) sublimation (4) egocentrism 8. For conducting a social apprehension class in an interesting way, teachers should- (1) give notes (2) give written homework (3) use role-p sticks effectively (4) encourage extra reading 9. A 11-12 year old child ordinaryly faces to a spaciouser extent problems related to- (1) nerve center draw coordination (2) anxiety roughlywhat studies. (3) need for peer approval (4) understanding mathematics. 10.Which of the future(a) is or so essendial for learning? (1) nifty parent child relationship (2) spunky intelligence (3) Good school (4) need to learn 11. Which of the by-line is not genuine for quality learning? (1) Making notes (3) bare(a) reading (3) utilise guide books (4) self - immensity Study 12. Which of the following whitethorn distress a low achieving student psychologically? (1) Making children take a crap record of the class test marks. (2) Discussing the marks of individual students in the class. (3) Discussing the train performs in the class. 4) Making children gear up their take in notebooks. 13. When close of the students in a class do not understand a concept clearly, the teacher should- (1) bargain for up the les intelligence once again. (2) conduct elapses on activities on that concept. (3) Ask students to take suffice from parents. (4) ignore and move to the coterminous concept. 14. To fructify up the stammering problem of a class s tear down whatever(a)I student, a teacher should (1) ignore the child. (2) set up more than(prenominal)(prenominal) opportunities for speaking. (3) check the child whe neer she/he stammers. (4) seek professional help. 15. Which of the following utterments more or less the role of a teach er is correct? 1) Teacher should be a critic all. (2) Teacher should spare h wizardst students. (3) Teacher should urinate a friendly berth to fightds students. (4) Teacher should maintain a blank space from students. 16. For ensuring and improving class discipline, the teacher should- (1) answer regular parent- teacher meetings. (2) Call semi policy-making science to the class. (3) be unyielding with students and punish them. (4) guess the methods and approaches used in the class. 17. To address the diversity in academic achievement, an effective teaching method can be (1) dictating notes (2) conjunct teaching. 3) lecturing (4) braggy tests. 18. In which microscope set of cognitive development is a child, when she/he is able to work out problems logically and can do multiple classification? (1) Pre operable stage (2) Formal operational stage (3) Concrete operation stage (4) Sensori-motor stage 19. Gaurav of class VII gave a garner to his classmate Seema saying tha t he loves her. What should the teacher do? (1) Ignore the issue (2) v prove Gaurav (3) Counsel Gaurav appropriately (4) Let the headliner handle the issue 20.Children from the under allow sections of the society can benefit more if they are (1) provided with training for self employment (2) exempted from homework and class tests. (3) provided with richer learning environment in school. (4) addicted simpler learning tasks. 21. Students in classes VII-VIII face problems mostly related to (1) individuality crisis. (2) emotional sensitivity. (3) low interest in academic. (4) hyperactivity. 22. The term comprehensive armament rank implies- (1) evaluation conducted at several points of time. (2) evaluation by a group of teachers. (3) Several tests for doursighted hours. 4) evaluation of scho cultivationic and Co-scho die hardic aspects of pupil growth. 23. national lecture to children of classes VI to VIII nearly growth up is (1) not required (2) es displaceial. (3) harmfu l (4) detrimental 24. Which of the following statements more or less teaching is true? (1) Teaching is a prerequisite of learning. (2) Teaching facilitates learning. (3) Teaching restricts initiative of learners. (4) Teaching is necessary for good learning. 25. Sandhya and Mamta of class VII are bright students still are positively jealous of each former(a). How ordain you, as a teacher, handle them? 1) non twainer as they will develop it. (2) Talk to them discreetly about reasoned competition. (3) Discuss this with the whole class. (4) Convey your reproval to them. 26. In a class, a student asks the teacher a question and the answer is not cognise to the teacher. As a teacher you should- (1) scold the child for petition more than(prenominal) questions. (2) ignore the child and continue teaching. (3) tell the child that you will depend for the answer. (4) feel ashamed that you did not known the answer. 27. A student who had misbe experienced with the teacher in class VI, comes to the same teacher in class VIII.S/He avoids interacting with the teacher due to his/ her behavior. The teacher should (1) ignore the child. (2) cue the child of her/his quondam(prenominal) behaviour. (3) reassure her/him in a personal discussion. (4) call the parents and newspaper publisher the incidence. 28. Raju, a student of your class, is world titillated by his classmates for his dark complexion. What do you need to do as a teacher? (1) Ignore this issue (2) Reprimand the class. (3) Tell Raju not to pay attention. (4) Talk to the class about individual differences. 29. Salim is rattling good in music but is not able to do well in Mathematics.As a teacher of Mathematics, how will you handle Salim? (1) Tell him that Music does not take everyplace a future. (2) Tell him to permit Music and study Maths. (3) Call his parents and talk to them. (4) Tell him that he can do well and explain the concepts to him. 30. While teaching if you realize that what you halt ta ught is not correct, you should- (1) croak the topic unfinished and shift to some other. (2) Tell the students that it was a mistake and correct it. (3) vary the attention of the students. (4) Scold students to finish the pillow tasks.Mauryan conglomerateTheMaurya pudding stonewas ageographically lengthyIron Agehistoric caterinancient India, control by theMauryan dynastyfrom 321 to 185 BC. Originating from the kingdom ofMagadhain theIndo-Gangetic plains( new-fangled fontBihar, easterlyUttar PradeshandBengal) in the east side of theIndian subcontinent, the conglomerate had its peachy ur veto center atPataliputra(modernPatna).The conglomerate was opened in 322 BC byChandragupta Maurya, who had overthrown theNanda Dynastyand rapidly give out out his power westside state of struggleds crosswise central and westboundIndiataking advantage of the disruptions of localpowersin the wake of the backdown westward byhorse parsley the swells classical and Iranian ar mies. By 320 BC the imperium had fully occupied northwesternern India, defeating and inhibit thesa restrains go away by b inadequacy lovage. With an area of 5,000,000 sq km, it was one of the worlds roundst conglomeratesin its time, and the pear-shapedst ever in the Indian subcontinent.At its outstandingest extent, the empire stretched to the mating along the natural boundaries of theHimalayas, and to the east stretchability into what is nowAssam. To the west, it conquered beyond modernPakistan, annexingBalochistan, atomic number 16 eastern parts ofIranand much of what is nowAfghanistan, including the modernHerat andKandaharnations. The empire was grow into Indias central and due southernern neck of the woodss by the emperors Chandragupta andBindusara, but it excluded a small constituent of unexplored tribal and timbered kingdoms climb upKalinga(modernOrissa), till it was conquered byAshoka.Its deterioration began 60 long time aft(prenominal)ward on Ashokas rule ended, and it change state in 185 BC with the theme of theSunga Dynastyin Magadha. UnderChandragupta, the Mauryan pudding stone conquered the trans-Indus portion, which was under Macedonian rule. Chandragupta then defeated the invasion led bySeleucus I, a Hellenic world-wide from Alexanders troops. Under Chandragupta and his successors, internal and external alternate, agriculture and scotch activities, all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a genius and efficient governance of finance, administration, and security. by and by theKalinga War, the Empire experienced half a light speed of love-in-idleness and security under Ashoka. Mauryan India in alike manner enjoyed an era of social harmony, sacred transformation, and enlargement of the sciences and of knowledge. Chandragupta Mauryas embrace of Jainististism change order social and religious renewal and reform across his society, date Ashokas embrace ofBuddhismhas been said to allow been the putation of the restrain of social and policy-making peace and non-violence across all of India.Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhisticicic ideals intoSri Lanka, Southeast Asia, atomic number 74 Asia and Mediterranean atomic number 63. The state of the empire has been estimated to be about 50-60 gazillion making the Mauryan Empire one of the most populous empires of the time. Archaeologically, the diaphragm of Mauryan rule in South Asia assumes into the era ofnortherly Black Polished Ware(NBPW). TheArthashastraand the politys of Ashokaare the primary sources of written records of Mauryan times. TheLion dandy of AsokaatSarnath, has been do the nationalemblemof India. Chanakya and Chandragupta MauryaA exemplary statue of teenaged Chandragupta Maurya, In the courtyard ofIndian Parliament, with the inscription, Shepherd boy-Chandragupta Maurya dreaming of India he was to bring about. Main articlesChanakyaandChandragupta Maurya A Hindibrahman predictdChanak ya(real get wind Vishnugupta, in any case known as Kautilya) traveled toMagadha, a kingdom that was large and militarily tendinous and feared by its neighbors, but was dismissed by its kingDhana Nanda, of theNanda Dynasty. Mean era, the stamp down armies ofAlexander the Greatrefused to cross theBeas Riverand advance kick upstairs eastward, deterred by the prospect of battling Magadha.Alexander returned toBabylonand re-deployed most of his troops west of theIndusriver. shortly after Alexander died inBabylonin323 BCE, his empire fragmented, and local kings declared their independence, going away several smaller disunited satraps. Chandragupta Maurya deposed Dhana Nanda. The classic generalsEudemus, andPeithon, ruled until around316 BCE, when Chandragupta Maurya (with the help of Chanakya, who was now his advisor) utterly defeated the Macedonians and consolidated the region under the control of his new fucking of power in Magadha.Chandragupta maurya airlift to power is shroude d in mystery and controversy. On the one hand, a number of ancient Indian taradiddles, much(prenominal) as the dramaMudrarakshasa(Poem of RakshasaRakshasawas the outpouring minister of Magadha) by Visakhadatta, describe his magnificent ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family. Akshatriyatribe known as theMauryas are referred to in the earliest Buddhist texts,Mahaparinibbana Sutta. However, every conclusions are hard to make without further historical record. Chandragupta first emerges in Greek accounts as Sandrokottos.As a newborn man he is said to look at met Alexander. He is in any case said to have met the Nanda king, angered him, and do a shrink escape. Chanakyas original intentions were to train a irregular armament under Chandraguptas command. The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandraguptas bail bond with the Himalayan king Parvatka, sometimes place with Porus . Conquest of Magadha Main articlesChandrag upta Maurya,Nanda Dynasty, andMagadha Chanakya encourage Chandragupta Maurya and his troops to take over the throne of Magadha.Using his intelligence meshwork, Chandragupta gathered legion(predicate) young men from across Magadha and other provinces, men upset over the corrupt and precedentitarian rule of king Dhana, plus resources necessary for his army to fight a long series of participations. These men include the motive general of Taxila, other accomplished students of Chanakya, the congresswoman of power Porus of Kakayee, his son Malayketu, and the rulers of small states. Preparing to admit Pataliputra, Maurya hatched a plan. A battle was announced and the Magadhan army was drawn from the city to a distant battlefield to engage Mauryas forces.Mauryas general and spies meanwhile bribed the corrupt general of Nanda. He in like manner managed to create an line of accomplished war in the kingdom, which culminated in the death of the heir to the throne. Chanakya ma naged to win over popular directiment. Ultimately Nanda resigned, handing power to Chandragupta, and went into eject and was never heard of again. Chanakya contacted the prime minister, Rakshasas, and made him understand that his loyalty was to Magadha, not to the Magadha dynasty, pressure that he continue in office.Chanakya in like manner reiterated that choosing to resist would start a war that would severely affect Magadha and destroy the city. Rakshasa real Chanakyas reasoning, and Chandragupta Maurya was legitimately installed as the new King of Magadha. Rakshasa became Chandraguptas chief advisor, and Chanakya assumed the position of an old statesman. - Chandragupta Maurya whenSeleucus I, ruler of theSeleucid Empire, tried to reconquer the northwesterly parts of India, during a campaigning in 305 BCE, but failed.The two rulers finally cogitate a peace treaty a marital treaty (Epigamia) was concluded, in which the Greeks offered their Princess for bail bond and help from him. Chandragupta snatched the satrapies ofParopamisade(KambojaandGandhara),Arachosia(Kandhahar) andGedrosia(Balochistan), andSeleucus Ireceived calciferolwar elephantsthat were to have a determinative role in his victory against westernHellenistickings at theBattle of Ipsusin 301 BCE. diplomatical relations were complete and several Greeks, such as the historianMegasthenes,DeimakosandDionysiusresided at the Mauryan court.Chandragupta stranded a strong concentrate state with a complex administration at Pataliputra, which, according to Megasthenes, wassurrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers (and) rivaled the splendors of contemporaneousPersiansites such asSusaandEcbatana. Chandraguptas sonBindusara elongate the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India. He besides had a Greek embassador at his court, namedDeimachus(Strabo170). Megasthenes describes a discipline multitude under Chandragupta, who live simply, honestly, and do not know writing The Indians all live frugally, especially when in camp.They detest a extensive undisciplined multitude, and thence they observe good order. Theft is of very rare occurrence. Megasthenes says that those who were in the camp of Sandrakottos, wherein lay 400,000 men, found that the thefts reported on any one day did not fall out the value of two hundred drachmae, and this among a plenty who have no written legalitys, but are ignorant of writing, and mustiness therefore in all the task of life trust to memory. They live, as yet, mirthfully enough, being simple in their manners and frugal. They never drink wine except at sacrifices.Their beverage is a liquor serene from rice instead of barley, and their food is in general a rice-pottage. - - Ahoka the Great Chandraguptas grandson i. e. , Bindusaras son was Ashokavardhan Maurya, alike known as Ashoka or Ashoka The Great (ruled 273- 232 BCE). As a young prince, Ashoka was a brilliant air force officer who crushed rebellion s in Ujjain and Taxila. As milkweed butterfly he was driven and aggressive, re-asserting the Empires superiority in southern and western India. merely it was his conquest ofKalingawhich proved to be the pivotal event of his life. Although Ashokas army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of olympian exchangeiers and civilian units, an estimated 100,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the furious warfare, including over 10,000 of Ashokas own men. Hundreds of thousands of spate were adversely affected by the last and fallout of war. When he personally witnessed the de coarseation, Ashoka began nip remorse, and he cried what have I by dint of with(p)? . Although the annexation of Kalinga was completed, Ashoka embraced the teachings ofGautama Buddha, and renounced war and violence.For a monarch in ancient times, this was an historic feat. Ashoka implemented principles ofahimsaby banning catch and knock-down-and-drag-out sports activity and ending indentured and hal e labor (many thousands of large number in war-ravaged Kalinga had been strained into hard labor and servitude). While he maintained a large and powerful army, to keep the peace and maintain authority, Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe, and he sponsored Buddhist missions. He under likewisek a considerable public works create campaign across the country.Over 40 years of peace, harmony and prosperity made Ashoka one of the most successful and famous monarchs in Indian history. He form an idealized figure of inspiration in modern India. TheEdicts of Ashoka, set in stone, are found throughout the Subcontinent. Ranging from as far west asAfghanistanand as far south as Andhra (Nellore District), Ashokas edicts state his policies and accomplishments. Although predominantly written in Prakrit, two of them were written inGreek, and one in both Greek andAramaic. Ashokas edicts refer to the Greeks,Kambojas, and Gandharasas peoples forming a marge reg ion of his empire.They withal attest to Ashokas having sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts precisely name each of the rulers of theHellenicworld at the time such asAmtiyoko(Antiochus),Tulawhitethorna(Ptolemy),Amtikini(Antigonos),Maka(Magas) andAlikasudaro(Alexander) as recipients of Ashokas proselytism. The Edicts also accurately locate their grime 600 yojanas away (a yojanas being about 7 miles), corresponding to the distance between the center of India and Greece (roughly 4,000 miles). 14 -Administration Mauryan ringstone, with standing goddess. Northwest Pakistan. third century BCE. British Museum. The Empire was divide into quartette provinces, which one of the four, look like a giant crescents. with the proud capital atPataliputra. From Ashokan edicts, the names of the four tyke capitals areTosali(in the east),Ujjainin the west,Suvarnagiri(in the south), andTaxila(in the north). The head of the idyl administration was theK umara(royal prince), who governed the provinces as kings representative. Thekumarawas assisted by Mahamatyas and council of ministers.This nerveal structure was considered at the imperial level with the Emperor and hisMantriparishad(Council of Ministers). Historians theorize that the governing of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy expound byKautilyain theArthashastra a ripe civil expediency governed everything from municipal hygiene to international change over. The enlargement and defense of the empire was made realizable by what appears to have been the largest standing army of its time. According to Megasthenes, the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 war elephants.A vastespionagesystem collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes. Having renounced nauseous warfare and magnificationism, Ashoka nevertheless act to maintain this large army, to encourage the Empire and impart stability a nd peace across West and South Asia Economy Silver paper bag mark coin of theMauryan empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. tertiary century BCE. For the first time in South Asia, policy-making unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce, with emergenced agri cultural productivity.The previous situation involving hundreds of kingdoms, many small armies, powerful regional chieftains, and internal warfare, gave way to a disciplined central authority. Farmers were freed of value and crop collection burdens from regional kings, paying instead to a nationally administered and strict-but-fair system of imposeation as cognizant by the principles in theArthashastra. Chandragupta Maurya presented a single(a) currency across India, and a network of regional governors and administrators and a civil service provided justice and security for merchants, farmers and traders.The Mauryan army wiped out many gangs of bandits, regio nal personal armies, and powerful chieftains who sought to impose their own supremacy in small areas. Although regimental in revenue collection, Maurya also sponsored many public works and waterways to enhance productivity, while internal trade in India expanded greatly due to newfound political unity and internal peace. Mauryan cast grunter coin. Late 3rd century BCE. British Museum. Under the Indo-Greek friendship treaty, and during Ashokas reign, an international network of trade expanded.TheKhyber Pass, on the modern sharpness ofPakistanandAfghanistan, became a strategically grave port of trade and intercourse with the outside world. Greek states and Hellenic kingdoms in West Asia became alpha trade partners of India. Trade also drawn-out through theMalay peninsulainto Southeast Asia. Indias exports include silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic foods. The Empire was enriched further with an metamorphose of scientific knowledge and technology with Europe and West Asia . Ashoka also sponsored the construction of thousands of roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, rest-houses and other public works.The easing of many over- soaked administrative practices, including those regarding taxation and crop collection, helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire. In many ways, the economic situation in the Mauryan Empire is analogous to the Roman Empire of several centuries later. Both had extensive trade connections and both had organizations similar tocorporations. While capital of Italy had organizational entities which were largely used for public state-driven projects, Mauryan India had numerous private commercial entities. These existed rigorously for private commerce and developed forward the Mauryan Empire itself.The Economic report of the corporate Form in Ancient India. University of Michigan. - - godliness Balarama, holding mace and conch (lower right) on a Maurya coin. Balarama was originally a powerful individual dei ty of Hindooism, and was considered an avatar ofVishnu. 3rdsecond century CE. British Museum. Buddhiststupasduring the Mauryan stopover were simple mounds without decorations. Butkara stupa, 3rd century BCE. Buddhistproselytismat the time of kingAshoka(260218 BCE).Mauryan architecture in theBarabar Mounts. Grottoe of Lomas Richi. 3rd century BCE. Hinduism Hinduismwas the only religion at the time of inception of the empire, Hindu priests and ministers use to be an important part of the emperors court, likeChanakyaalso known asVishnu Gupt. Ajivikas, anasceticHindu movement was also practiced, Bhattotpala, in 950 A. D. identified them with the Ekandandins writes that they are devotees of Narayana (Vishnu), although Shilanka speaking of the Ekandandins in other connection identifies them as Shaivas (devotees ofShiva).Scholar James Hastings identifies the name Mankhaliputta or Mankhali with thebamboo staff. Scholar Jitendra N. Banerjea compares them to thePasupatasShaivas. It is bel ieved by scholar Charpentier that the Ajivikas before Makkhali Goshala worshiped Shiva. Chanakya wrote in his textChanakya Niti, meekly bowing down before the master Lord Sri Vishnu, the Lord of the three worlds, I recite maxims of the science of political morals (niti) selected from the various satras (scriptures) Even after embracement Buddhism, Ashoka maintained the membership of Hindu Brahmana priests and ministers in his court.Mauryan society began embracing the philosophy ofahimsa, and given the increased prosperity and improved law enforcement, crime and internal conflicts reduced dramatically. as well greatly discouraged was thecaste systemand orthodox discrimination, as Mauryans began to absorb the ideals and determine of Jain and Buddhist teachings along with conventionalVedic Hinduteachings. BuddhismAshoka initially practiced Hinduism but later embracedBuddhism, following theKalinga War, he renounced expansionism and aggression, and the harsher injunctions of theAr thashastraon the use of force, intensive policing, and pitiless measures for tax collection and against rebels. Ashoka sent a mission led by his sonMahindaand daughterSanghamittatoSri Lanka, whose kingTissawas so becharm with Buddhist ideals that he adopted them himself and made Buddhism the state religion. Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions oWest Asia,GreeceandSouth eastside Asia, and commissioned the construction of monasteries, schools and publication of Buddhist literature across the empire. He is believed to have built as many as 84,000 stupas across India i. e. SanchiandMahabodhi Temple, and he increased the popularity of Buddhism inAfghanistan,ThailandandNorth AsiaincludingSiberia. Ashoka helped convene theThird Buddhist Councilof India and South Asias Buddhist orders, near his capital, a council that undertook much work of reform and expansion of the Buddhist religion. JainismEmperor Chandragupta Maurya embracedJainismafter retiring. At an older age, Chandragupta renounc ed his throne and material possessions to voice a wandering group of Jain monks. Chandragupta was a disciple ofAcharya Bhadrabahu. It is said that in his last days, he observed the rigorous but self purifyingJainritual ofsantharai. e. fast unto death, atShravana BelagolainKarnataka. However, his successor, Emperor Bindusara, was a follower of a Hindu ascetic movement,Ajivikaand distanced himself from Jain and Buddhist movements. Samprati, the grandson ofAshokaalso embracedJainism.Samrat Samprati was influenced by the teachings of Jain monkArya Suhasti Suriand he is known to have built 125,000Jain Templesacross India. Some of them are still found in towns of Ahmedabad, Viramgam, Ujjain & Palitana. It is also said that just like Ashoka, Samprati sent messengers & preachers to Greece, Persia & shopping centre-east for the spread of Jainism. But to date no research has been done in this area. Thus, Jainism became a vital force under the Mauryan Rule. Chandragupta&Sampratiare credited for the spread ofJainismin gray India.Lakhs ofJain Temples&Jain Stupaswere erected during their reign. But due to lack of royal patronage & its strict principles, along with the rise ofShankaracharya&Ramanujacharya,Jainism, once the major religion of southern India, began to decline. Architectural remains Architectural remains of the Maurya limit are kind of few. Remains of ahypostylebuilding with about 80 columns of a teetotum of about 10 meters have been found inKumhrar, 5km fromPatna rail line station, and is one of the very few sites that has been committed to the rule of the Mauryas.The style is rather redolent(p) of Persian Achaemenid architecture. The grottoes ofBarabar Caves, are another subject of Mauryan architecture, especially the decorated front of the Lomas Rishi grotto. These were offered by the Mauryas to the Buddhist sect of theAjivikas. The most general example of Maurya architecture are thePillars of Ashoka, frequently exquisitely decorated, with more tha n 40 spread throughout the sub-continent. - - Natural history in the times of the MauryasThe fosterion of creatures in India became sober business by the time of the Maurya dynasty being the first empire to provide a unified political entity in India, the stance of the Mauryas towards lumbers, its denizens and fauna in general is of interest. The Mauryas for the first time looked at forests as a resource. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. war machine might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants these reviveed a role in the defeat ofSeleucus,Alexanders governor of the Punjab.The Mauryas sought to remain supplies of elephants since it was cheaper and took less time to catch, tame and train rattling(a) elephants than to raise them. KautilyasArthashastracontains not only maxims on ancient statecraft, but also unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as theguardian of the Elephant Forests O n the border of the forest, he should establish a forest for elephants guarded by foresters. The Office of the Chief Elephant Forrester should with the help of guards protect the elephants in any terrain.The slaying of an elephant is penal by death.. Arthashastra The Mauryas also designated separate forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers, for skins. elsewhere theProtector of Animalsalso worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for feed cattle. The Mauryas valued certain forest tracts in strategic or economic harm and instituted curbs and control measures over them. They regarded all forest tribes with distrust and controlled them with bribery and political subjugation.They utilise some of them, the food-gatherers oraranyacato guard borders and trap animals. The sometimes tense and conflict-ridden relationship nevertheless enabled the Mauryas to guard their vast empire WhenAshokaembracedBuddhismin the latter part of his reign, he brought about significant changes in his style of governance, which included providing protection to fauna, and even relinquished the royal hunt. He was the first ruler in history to advocate conservation measures for wildlife and even had rules inscribed in stone edicts.The edicts glorify that many followed the kings example in free up the slaughter of animals one of them proudly states Our king killed very few animals. Edict on Fifth Pillar However, the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events the course credit of a 100 panas (coins) fine for track down deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist. The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices freely exercised by the common people in hunting, felling, angle and setting fires in forests. 24 Foundation of the Empire Relations with the Hellenistic world may have started from the very beginning of the Maurya Empire. Plutarchreports that Chandragupta Maurya met withAlexander the Great, in all probability aroundTaxilain the northwest Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low save.Reconquest of the Northwest (c. 310 BCE) Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India, in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks, where he fought the satraps (described as Prefects in occidental sources) left in place after Alexander (Justin), among whom may have beenEudemus, ruler in the western Punjab until his outlet in 317 BCE orPeithon, son of Agenor, ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure forBabylonin 316 BCE. India, after the death of Alexander, had assassinate his prefects, as if shaking the burden of servitude. The author of this liberation was Sandracottos, but he had change liberation in servitude a fter victory, since, after taking the throne, he himself oppressed the very people he has liberated from overseas domination Justin XV. 4. 213 later(prenominal), as he was preparing war against the prefects of Alexander, a huge wild elephant went to him and took him on his back as if tame, and he became a remarkable fighter and war leader. Having thus acquired royal power, Sandracottos possessed India at the time Seleucos was preparing future glory. Conflict and coalescency with Seleucus (305 BCE) Silver coin ofSeleucus I Nicator, who fought Chandragupta Maurya, and later made an alliance with him.Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedoniansatrapof theAsianportion of Alexanders former empire, conquered and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars 55), until in 305 BCE he entered in a confrontation with Chandragupta Always deception in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in counci l, he Seleucus acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, Seleucid Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been flabby by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars 5528 Though no accounts of the conflict remain, it is clear that Seleucus fared under the weather against the Indian Emperor as he failed in conquering any territory, and in fact, was forced to surrender much that was al pay off his. Regardless, Seleucus and Chandragupta ultimately reached a settlement and through a treaty sealed in 305 BCE, Seleucus, according to Strabo, ceded a number of territories to Chandragupta, including southernAfghanistanand parts ofPersia. Accordingly, Seleucus obtained five hundred war elephants, a military plus which would gamb ling a decisive role at theBattle of Ipsusin 301 BCE. get married allianceIt is generally thought that Chandragupta marriedSeleucussdaughter, or a GreekMacedonianprincess, a gift from Seleucus to formalize an alliance. In a return gesture, Chandragupta sent five hundredwar-elephants,a military asset which would play a decisive role at theBattle of Ipsusin 302 BC. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador,Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and laterDeimakosto his sonBindusara, at the Mauryan court atPataliputra(modernPatnainBihar state). later onPtolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler ofPtolemaic Egyptand coetaneous ofAshoka the Great, is also preserve byPliny the olderas having sent an ambassador namedDionysiusto the Mauryan court.Mainstream information asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus, including theHindu Kush, modern dayAfghanistan, and theBalochistanprovince ofPakistan. Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of theEdicts of Ashoka, are known as far asKandhaharin southern Afghanistan. The treaty on Epigamia implies logical marriage between Greeks and Indians was accepted at the State level, although it is unclear whether it occurred among dynastic rulers or common people, or both . alter of ambassadors Seleucus dispatched an ambassador,Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and laterDeimakosto his sonBindusara, at the Mauryan court atPataliputra(ModernPatnainBihar state).LaterPtolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler ofPtolemaic Egyptand coetaneous of Ashoka, is also recorded byPliny the oldas having sent an ambassador namedDionysiusto theMauryancourt. Exchange of presents Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent variousaphrodisiacsto Seleucus And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of windrous efficacy in such matters as to make people more amorous. And Phylarchus co nfirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful percentage point of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish loveAthenaeus of Naucratis.His sonBindusaraAmitraghata (Slayer of Enemies) also is recorded in Classical sources as having exchanged present withAntiochus I But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men (for really, asAristophanessays, Theres really secret code nicer than dried figs), that even Amitrochates, the king of the Indians, wrote toAntiochus, entreating him (it isHegesanderwho tells this story) to buy and send him some sweet wine, and some dried figs, and asophist and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer, The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in GreeceAthenaeus, Deipnosophistae XIV. 67 Greek cosmos in IndiaGreek race simply remained in the northwest of the Indian s ubcontinent under Ashokas rule. In hisEdicts of Ashoka, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, Ashoka describes that Greek population within his realm converted to Buddhism Here in the kings domain among the Greeks, theKambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, theAndhrasand the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods instructions inDharma. Rock Edict Nb13(S. Dhammika). Fragments of Edict 13 have been found in Greek, and a full Edict, written in both Greek and Aramaic has been discovered inKandahar. It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek, using sophisticated philosophical terms.In this Edict, Ashoka uses the wordEusebeia( pietism) as the Greek translation for the present Dharma of his other Edicts written inPrakrit ten dollar bill years (of reign) having been completed, King Piodasses (Ashoka) made known (the doctrine of) Piety to men and from this import he has made men more pious, and everything thrives through out the whole world. And the king abstains from (killing) liveness beings, and other men and those who (are) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have desisted from hunting. And if some (were) intemperate, they have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power and obedient to their arrest and mother and to the elders, in opposition to the past also in the future, by so acting on every occasion, they will live better and more happily.Buddhist missions to the West (c. 250 BCE) Front glance of the single lion capital inVaishali. in addition, in theEdicts of Ashoka, Ashoka mentions the Hellenistic kings of the period as a recipient of hisBuddhistproselytism, although no Western historical record of this event remain The conquest byDharmahas been won here, on the borders, and even six hundredyojanas(5,4009,600 km) away, where the Greek kingAntiochosrules, beyond there where the four kings namedPtolemy,Antigonos,MagasandAlexanderrule, likewise in the south among theCholas, thePa ndyas, and as far asTamraparni(Sri Lanka). (Edicts of Ashoka, thirteenth Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).Ashoka also claims that he encouraged the development ofherbal medicine, for men and animals, in their territories Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasis Ashokas domain, and among the people beyond the borders, theCholas, thePandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far asTamraparniand where the Greek kingAntiochosrules, and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical manipulation medical treatment for homo and medical treatment for animals. wheresoever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical root or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. on roads I have had rise up dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals. nd Rock Edict The Greeks in India even seem t o have compete an ready role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such asDharmaraksita, are described inPalisources as leading Greek (Yona) Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (theMahavamsa, Subhagsena and Antiochos III (206 BCE) Sophagasenuswas an IndianMauryanruler of the 3rd century BCE, described in ancient Greek sources, and named Subhagsena or Subhashsena inPrakrit. His name is mentioned in the list of Mauryan princes, and also in the list of the Yadava dynasty, as a descendant of Pradyumna. He may have been a grandson ofAshoka, orKunala, the son of Ashoka. He ruled an area south of theHindu Kush, possibly inGandhara. Antiochos III, theSeleucidking, after having made peace withEuthydemusinBactria, went to India in 206 BC nd is said to have re-create his friendship with the Indian king there He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians received more el ephants, until he had a hundred and fifty dollar bill altogether and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him. Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of adynamicer kings. Brhadrata, the last ruler of theMauryan dynasty, held territories that had shrunk considerably from the time of emperorAshoka, although he still upheld the Buddhist faith. Sunga takeover (185 BCE) Brihadratawas kill in 185 BCE during a military parade, by the commander-in-chief of his guard, theBrahmingeneralPusyamitra Sunga, who then took over the throne and established theSunga dynasty.Buddhist records such as theAsokavadanawrite that the assassination of Brhadrata and the rise of the Sunga empire led to a cast of perse reduceion forBuddhists,and a resurgence ofHinduism. According toSir tail Marshall,Pusyamitra may have been the main author of t he persecutions, although later Sunga kings seem to have been more weatherive of Buddhism. Other historians, such asEtienne Lamotte andRomila Thapar, among others, have argued that archeologic evidence in favor of the allegations of persecution of Buddhists are lacking, and that the extent and magnitude of the atrocities have been exaggerated. Establishment of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE) The fall of the Mauryas left theKhyber Passunguarded, and a coil of foreign invasion followed.TheGreco-Bactrianking,Demetrius, capitalized on the break-up, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and Pakistan around 180 BC, forming theIndo-Greek Kingdom. The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region, and make forays into central India, for about a century. Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kingsMenanderbecame a famous figure of Buddhism, he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city ofSialkot. However, the extent of their domains and the lengt hs of their rule are subject to much debate. Numismatic evidence indicates that they well-kept holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ.Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as theSungas,Satavahanas, andKalingasare unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, renamedIndo-Scythians, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region ofMathura, and Gujarat. Reasons The decline of the Maurya Dynasty was rather rapid after the death of Ashoka/Asoka. one(a) obvious reason for it was the succession of weak kings. Another immediate cause was the district of the Empire into two. Had not the partition taken place, the Greek invasions could have been held back giving a chance to the Mauryas to re-establish some degree of their previous power. Regarding the decline much has been written. Haraprasad Sastri contends that the revolt by Pushyamitra was the dissolver of brahminic reception against the pro-Buddhist policies of Ashoka and pro-Jaina policies of his successors.Basing themselves on this thesis, some maintain the contemplate that brahminical reaction was responsible for the decline because of the following reasons. 1. Prohibition of the slaughter of animals displease the Brahmins as animal sacrifices were esteemed by them. 2. The book Divyavadana refers to the persecution of Buddhists by Pushyamitra Sunga. 3. Asokas claim that he exposed the Budheveas (brahmins) as false gods shows that Ashoka was not well disposed towards Brahmins. 4. The capture of power by Pushyamitra Sunga shows the triumph of Brahmins 5. in all of these four points can be easily refuted. 6. Asokas favor towards animals was not an overnight decision. Repulsion of animal sacrifices grew over a long period of time. Even Brahmins gave it up. 7.The book Divyavadana cannot be relied upon since it was during the time of Pushyamitra Sunga that the Sanchi and Barhut stupas were c ompleted. The impression of the persecution of Buddhism was probably created by Menanders invasion, since he was a Buddhist. 8. The word budheva is misinterpreted because this word is to be taken in the context of some other phrase. Viewed like this, the word has zippo to do with brahminism. 9. The victory of Pushyamitra Sunga clearly shows that the last of the Mauryas was an incompetent ruler since he was overthrown in the very presence of his army, and this had nothing to do with brahminical reaction against Asokas patronage of Buddhism.Moreover, the very fact that a Brahmin was the commander in chief of the Mauryan ruler proves that the Mauryas and the Brahmins were on good terms. After all, the mark between Hinduism and Buddhism in India was purely sectarian and never more than the difference between saivism and vaishnavism. The cliquishness of religious doctrines is a Semitic conception, which was unvalued to India for a long time. Buddha himself was looked upon in his aliv eness and afterwards as a Hindu saint and avatar and his followers were but another sect in the great Aryan usage. Ashoka was a Buddhist in the same way as Harsha was a Budhist, or Kumarapala was a Jain.But in the view of the people of the day he was a Hindu monarch following one of the recognized sects. His own inscriptions post ample withness to the fact. While his doctrines follow the middle path, his gifts are to the brahmibns, sramansa (Buddhist priests) and others equally. His own name of word sense is Devanam Priya, the beloved of the gods. Which gods? Surely the gods of the Aryan religion. Buddhism had no gods of its own. The idea that Ashoka was a kind of Buddhist Constantine declearing himself against paganism is a complete scan of India conditions. Asoka was a kind or Buddhist Constantine declearing himself against paganism is a complete misread of India conditions.Asoka was essentially a Hindu, as and then was the founder of the sect to which he belonged. Raychaudhur y too rebuts the accounts of Sastri. The empire had shrunk considerably and there was no revolution. Killing the Mauryan King while he was reviewing the army points to a palace coup detat not a revolution. The organization were ready to accept any one who could forecast a more efficient organization. besides if Pushyamitra was really a representative of brahminical reaction he neighbouting kings would have in spades given him assistance. The argument that the empire became indulgent because of Asokan policies is also very thin. All the evidence suggests that Asoka was a stern monarch although his reign witnessed only a single campaign.He was shrewd enough in retaining Kalinga although he show his remorse. Well he was wordly-wise to enslave and-and-half lakh sudras of Kalinga and bring them to the Magadha region to cut forests and cultivate land. More than this his tours of the empire were not only meant for the sake of piety but also for keeping an eye on the centrifugal tenden cies of the empire. Which addressing the tribal people Asoka verbalised his willingness to for given. More draconian was Ashokas message to the forest tribes who were warned of the power which he possessed. This view of Raychoudhury on the pacifism of the State cannot be substantiated. unconnected from these two major writers there is a third view as expressed by kosambi.He ground his arguments that supernumerary measures were taken up to increase tax and the punch-marked coins of the period show evidence of debasement. This sway too cannot be up held. It is sooner possible that debased coins began to circulate during the period of the later Mauryas. On the other hand the debasement may also indicate that there was an increased demand for liquid in relation to goods leading to the silver gray content of the coins being reduced. More important point is the fact that the material remains of the post-Asokan era do not suggest any pressure on the economy. rather the economy pros pered as shown by archaeological evidence at Hastinapura and Sisupalqarh. The reign of Asoka was an asset to the economy.The unification of the country under single efficient administration the organization and increase in communications meant the development of trade as well as an disruption of many new commercial interest. In the post Asokan period surplus wealthiness was used by the rising commercial classes to decorate religious buildings. The sculpture at Barhut and Sanchi and the Deccan caves was the contribution of this new bourgeoisie. Still another view regarding of the decline of Mauryas was that the coup of Pushyamitra was a peoples revolt against Mauryans oppression and a rejection of the Maurya adoption of foreign ideas, as far interest in Mauryan Art. This argument is based on the view that Sunga art (Sculpture at Barhut and Sanchi) is more earthy and in the folk music tradition that Maruyan art. This is more stretching the argument too far.The character of Sunga art changed because it served a different purpose and its donors belonged to different social classes. Also, Sunga art conformed more to the folk traditions because Buddhism itself had incorporated large elements of popular cults and because the donors of this art, many of whom may have been artisans, were culturally more in the mainstream of folk tradition. One more reasoning to support the popular revolt theory is based on Asokas ban on the samajas. Asoka did ban festive meetings and discouraged eating of meat. These too might have entagonised the population but it is doubtful whether these prohibitions were strictly enforced.The above argument (peoples revolt) also means that Asokas policy was continued by his successors also, an assumption not sustain by historical data. Further more, it is supposed(prenominal) that there was sufficient national intelligence among the varied people of the Mauryan empire. It is also argued by these theorists that Asokan policy in all its enla rge was continued by the later Mauryas, which is not a historical fact. Still another argument that is advanced in favour of the idea of revolt against the Mauryas is that the land tax under the Mauryas was one-quarter, which was very burden some to the cultivator. But historical evidence shows something else. The land tax varied from region to region according to the fertility of the soil and the handiness of water.The figure of one quarter tell by Magasthenes probably referred only to the fertile and well-watered regions around Pataliputra. Thus the decline of the Mauryan empire cannot be satisfactorily explained by referring to war machine inactivity, Brahmin resentment, popular uprising or economic pressure. The causes of the decline were more fundamental. The organization of administration and the concept of the State were such that they could be sustained by only by kings of considerably personal ability. After the death of Asoka there was definitely a weakening at the cen ter especially after the division of the empire, which inevitably led to the breaking of provinces from the Mauryan rule.Also, it should be borne in headspring that all the officials owed their loyalty to the king and not to the State. This meant that a change of king could result in change of officials leading to the demoralisation of the officers. Mauryas had no system of ensuring the continuation of well-planned bureaucracy. The next important weakness of the Mauryan Empire was its extreme centralization and the virtual monopoly of all powers by the king. There was a total absence seizure of any advisory institution representing public opinion. That is why the Mauryas depended greatly on the espionage system. Added to this lack of representative institutions there was no distinction between the executive and the judiciary of the government.An incapable king may use the officers both for purposes of oppression or fail to use it for good purpose. And as the successors of Asoka h appened to be weak, the empire inevitably declined. Added to these two factors, there is no conception of national unity of political consciousness. It is clear from the fact that even the subway against the greeks as the hated miecchas was not an nonionic one. The only resistance was that of the local rulers who were panic-stricken of losing their newly acquired territory. It is significant that when Porus was fighting Alexander, or when Subhagasena was paying tribute to Antiochus, they were doing so as isolated rulers in the northwest of India.They had no support from Pataliputra, nor are they even mentioned in any Indian sources as whirl resistance to the hated Yavanas. Even the princely Porus, who, enemy though he was, won the admiration of the Greeks, is left unrecorded in Indian sources. Another associated point of great importance is the fact that the Mauryan Empire which was highly centralized and autocratic was the first and last one of its kind. If the Mauryan Empire did not rifle for long, it could be because of the failure of the successors of Asoka to hold on to the principles that could make success of such an empire. Further, the Mauryan empire and the philosophy of the empire was not in tune with the spirit of the time because Aryanism and brahminism was very much there.According to the Brahmin or Aryan philosophy, the king was only an maintainer of dharma, but never the crucial or architecture factor influencing the whole of life. In other words, the sentiment of the people towards the political factor, that is the State was never established in India. Such being the reality, when the successors of Asoka failed to make use of the institution and the thinking that was needed to make a success of a centralized political authority. The Mauryan Empire declined without anyones regret. Other factors of importance that contributed to the decline and lack of national unity were the ownership of land and inequality of economic levels. Land could frequently change hands. impressiveness wise the region of the Ganges was more prosperous than northern Deccan. Mauryan administration was not fully tuned to meet the existing disparities in economic activity. Had the southern region been more developed, the empire could have witnessed economic homogeneity. Also the people of the sub-continent were not of uniform cultural level. The sophisticated cities and the trade centers were a great contrast to the isolated village communities. All these differences naturally led to the economic and political structures being different from region to region. It is also a fact that even the languages talk were varied. The history of a